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<p>Air pollution from shipping is a significant local and global concern, expected to intensify with increasing maritime transport volumes. The Mediterranean Sea hosts major short-sea shipping routes between Europe, North Africa, and East Asia, making it a critical region for assessing shipping-related air pollution. This study stands out by employing multi-source satellite imagery, including Aqua, Terra, and Sentinel-5P, to evaluate the seasonal impact of maritime activities on air quality in six major Egyptian Mediterranean harbors (Port Said, Damietta, AboQir, El-Mex, Gargob, and Arish) throughout 2023. By analyzing particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and air gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), and sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), this research provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of pollution levels and seasonal fluctuations. Results indicate that PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations ranged from 6.96 to 19.41 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, with the highest levels recorded in spring at AboQir harbor. CO levels varied between 783.04 and 992.31 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, peaking in summer at El-Mex harbor. NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations fluctuated from 0.43 to 7.07 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, with El-Mex harbor experiencing the highest levels, while SO<sub>2</sub> ranged from − 17.88 to 35.58 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, with the highest values in Damietta harbor. The findings indicate that air pollutant concentrations varied significantly across different seasons and harbor locations, highlighting the significant impact of maritime activities on local air quality and atmospheric conditions. By utilizing satellite-based monitoring, this study fills a critical research gap and identifies pollution hotspots and seasonal trends in Mediterranean harbors. The results emphasize the urgent need for stricter maritime regulations, such as emission control measures, fuel quality improvements, and port-based air pollution monitoring. Additionally, enhanced mitigation strategies, including adopting shore power (cold ironing), implementing emission reduction technologies, and enforcing International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards, are essential to minimize environmental and public health risks, supporting sustainable maritime development in Egypt.</p>

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Impact of maritime and industrial activities on air quality along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast using data observation techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月7日

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  • Ahmed El-Zeiny,
  • Alaa Nagy,
  • Mona Kaamoush

摘要

Air pollution from shipping is a significant local and global concern, expected to intensify with increasing maritime transport volumes. The Mediterranean Sea hosts major short-sea shipping routes between Europe, North Africa, and East Asia, making it a critical region for assessing shipping-related air pollution. This study stands out by employing multi-source satellite imagery, including Aqua, Terra, and Sentinel-5P, to evaluate the seasonal impact of maritime activities on air quality in six major Egyptian Mediterranean harbors (Port Said, Damietta, AboQir, El-Mex, Gargob, and Arish) throughout 2023. By analyzing particulate matter (PM2.5) and air gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), this research provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of pollution levels and seasonal fluctuations. Results indicate that PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 6.96 to 19.41 μg/m3, with the highest levels recorded in spring at AboQir harbor. CO levels varied between 783.04 and 992.31 μg/m3, peaking in summer at El-Mex harbor. NO2 concentrations fluctuated from 0.43 to 7.07 μg/m3, with El-Mex harbor experiencing the highest levels, while SO2 ranged from − 17.88 to 35.58 μg/m3, with the highest values in Damietta harbor. The findings indicate that air pollutant concentrations varied significantly across different seasons and harbor locations, highlighting the significant impact of maritime activities on local air quality and atmospheric conditions. By utilizing satellite-based monitoring, this study fills a critical research gap and identifies pollution hotspots and seasonal trends in Mediterranean harbors. The results emphasize the urgent need for stricter maritime regulations, such as emission control measures, fuel quality improvements, and port-based air pollution monitoring. Additionally, enhanced mitigation strategies, including adopting shore power (cold ironing), implementing emission reduction technologies, and enforcing International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards, are essential to minimize environmental and public health risks, supporting sustainable maritime development in Egypt.