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<p>Synthetic dyes are widely used in industrial processes and are recognized as persistent environmental pollutants, particularly in aquatic systems, where their chemical stability and potential toxicity pose environmental concerns. Their low biodegradability highlights the need for sustainable remediation strategies. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials due to their photoluminescent properties, biocompatibility, and photoresponsive behavior. In this study, CDs were synthesized from the white-rot fungus <i>Trametes versicolor</i> through hydrothermal treatment at 300&#xa0;°C for 6&#xa0;h, yielding nanoparticles with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 5.32&#xa0;nm. The synthesized TverCDs exhibited bright blue fluorescence under UV irradiation and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Optical analysis revealed direct and indirect bandgap energies of 4.0 and 2.9&#xa0;eV, respectively. The photoresponsive behavior of TverCDs was evaluated using Brilliant Blue (BB) solutions (100–250 ppm) and CD concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 4.5&#xa0;mg/mL under blue LED irradiation for 2 and 72&#xa0;h. The TverCDs at a concentration of 1&#xa0;mg/mL achieved 24% BB decolorization after 72&#xa0;h under high dye-concentration conditions (250 ppm). Although moderate, this level of decolorization was obtained under comparatively challenging pollutant concentrations, supporting their potential as sustainable carbon-based materials for environmental applications.</p>

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Green hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots from Trametes versicolor biomass and their photocatalytic decolorization of Brilliant Blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Leonardo S. Gómez,
  • Ana Sofía Mayén-Bautista,
  • Elvia Patricia Sánchez-Rodríguez,
  • Ana Laura Torres-Huerta,
  • Claudia Ivonne Piñón-Balderrama,
  • Aurora Antonio-Pérez

摘要

Synthetic dyes are widely used in industrial processes and are recognized as persistent environmental pollutants, particularly in aquatic systems, where their chemical stability and potential toxicity pose environmental concerns. Their low biodegradability highlights the need for sustainable remediation strategies. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials due to their photoluminescent properties, biocompatibility, and photoresponsive behavior. In this study, CDs were synthesized from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor through hydrothermal treatment at 300 °C for 6 h, yielding nanoparticles with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 5.32 nm. The synthesized TverCDs exhibited bright blue fluorescence under UV irradiation and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Optical analysis revealed direct and indirect bandgap energies of 4.0 and 2.9 eV, respectively. The photoresponsive behavior of TverCDs was evaluated using Brilliant Blue (BB) solutions (100–250 ppm) and CD concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 4.5 mg/mL under blue LED irradiation for 2 and 72 h. The TverCDs at a concentration of 1 mg/mL achieved 24% BB decolorization after 72 h under high dye-concentration conditions (250 ppm). Although moderate, this level of decolorization was obtained under comparatively challenging pollutant concentrations, supporting their potential as sustainable carbon-based materials for environmental applications.