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<p>Residual microbial biomass from industrial bioprocesses is an abundant renewable resource with potential for producing functional materials. In this study, <i>Rhodotorula glutinis</i> biomass was used as a carbon precursor to synthesize carbon quantum dots (Rg-CQDs) via a one-pot hydrothermal process, achieving a 23.8 wt % yield. The Rg-CQDs were extensively characterized to evaluate their structural and optical properties. XRD analysis revealed a predominantly amorphous carbon structure with limited graphitic ordering, typical of biomass-derived CQDs. SEM–EDS confirmed carbonaceous nanostructures enriched in C and O, while DLS indicated nanoparticles averaging 2.4&#xa0;nm in size. FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy showed aromatic sp² carbon reconstruction and retention of oxygen-containing groups, supporting aqueous dispersibility and photoluminescence. The Rg-CQDs exhibited excitation-dependent emission peaking at 450–470&#xa0;nm with a quantum yield of 4.2%. Their fluorescence response to Cr(III) demonstrated concentration-dependent quenching, enabling quantitative detection across industrially relevant ranges, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.07 ppm. Stern–Volmer analysis (0–60 ppm) indicated a linear response, suggesting dynamic quenching. Although the LOD exceeds drinking-water standards, the analytical performance suits Cr(III) monitoring in industrial wastewaters, where chromium levels are higher. The modest quantum yield of Rg-CQDs proves sufficient for high-concentration industrial sensing, positioning them as effective fluorescent probes for chromium monitoring in industrial wastewater and highly contaminated aqueous systems. This study also promotes circular bioeconomy by repurposing residual microbial biomass into valuable nanomaterials for environmental monitoring and wastewater management.</p>

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Sustainable revalorization of the residual biomass of Rhodotorula glutinis via green synthesis of carbon quantum dots for Cr(III) sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • C. Ramírez-Martínez,
  • A. Salazar-Martínez,
  • L. S. Gómez-Pérez,
  • A. Maya-Morales,
  • R. Peña-Rivera,
  • A. L. Torres-Huerta,
  • A. Ordaz

摘要

Residual microbial biomass from industrial bioprocesses is an abundant renewable resource with potential for producing functional materials. In this study, Rhodotorula glutinis biomass was used as a carbon precursor to synthesize carbon quantum dots (Rg-CQDs) via a one-pot hydrothermal process, achieving a 23.8 wt % yield. The Rg-CQDs were extensively characterized to evaluate their structural and optical properties. XRD analysis revealed a predominantly amorphous carbon structure with limited graphitic ordering, typical of biomass-derived CQDs. SEM–EDS confirmed carbonaceous nanostructures enriched in C and O, while DLS indicated nanoparticles averaging 2.4 nm in size. FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy showed aromatic sp² carbon reconstruction and retention of oxygen-containing groups, supporting aqueous dispersibility and photoluminescence. The Rg-CQDs exhibited excitation-dependent emission peaking at 450–470 nm with a quantum yield of 4.2%. Their fluorescence response to Cr(III) demonstrated concentration-dependent quenching, enabling quantitative detection across industrially relevant ranges, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.07 ppm. Stern–Volmer analysis (0–60 ppm) indicated a linear response, suggesting dynamic quenching. Although the LOD exceeds drinking-water standards, the analytical performance suits Cr(III) monitoring in industrial wastewaters, where chromium levels are higher. The modest quantum yield of Rg-CQDs proves sufficient for high-concentration industrial sensing, positioning them as effective fluorescent probes for chromium monitoring in industrial wastewater and highly contaminated aqueous systems. This study also promotes circular bioeconomy by repurposing residual microbial biomass into valuable nanomaterials for environmental monitoring and wastewater management.