Eco-engineered Cu–Fe bimetallic nanoparticles via Cotula australis extract: RSM-driven optimization for enhanced catalytic dye removal
摘要
The widespread employment of dyes in our various fields of life has severely polluted drinking water, endangering aquatic and human health. In the same line of action, the current study has been reported for the first time on the plant-mediated synthesis of copper iron bimetallic nanoparticles (CuFeNPs) by employing Cotula australis aqueous extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful bioreduction of metallic ions into their corresponding elemental metallic forms was confirmed through the display of an absorption peak between 200 and 350 nm, revealed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The nanosize dimensions (≈ 167.7 nm) of as-synthesized CuFeNPs were confirmed through DLS and SEM measurements along with predominantly spherical morphology, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and phase composition of the CuFeNPs. Furthermore, elemental analysis also showed the presence of CuFeNPs, whereas, FTIR analysis indicated the active role of plant biomolecules, provided by Cotula australis, in bioreduction as well as biostabilization of NPs. The synthesized CuFeNPs were applied for catalytic degradation of the dye, and subsequently optimized via use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), revealing excellent agreement between experimental and predicted results. The optimal conditions showed 70% dye removal efficiency, representing the promising potential of Cotula australis assisted CuFeNPs for industrial and environmental remediation. A mechanistic approach was used to illustrate the facilitation of electron transfer by synthesized NPs to enhance the catalytic reduction of dye molecules.