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<p>The sustainable management of Ni-exposed plant biomass is an important environmental challenge because improper disposal may create secondary contamination risks. This study evaluates an environmental valorization route for converting Ni-exposed plant biomass into nickel oxide-based nanoparticles through plant extract-assisted green synthesis, combined with preliminary green chemistry and carbon-footprint assessment. Three Ni-tolerant crop species, <i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>sabellica</i>, <i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp. <i>chinensis</i>, and <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L., were cultivated under controlled Ni exposure. Their biomass extracts were used as phytochemical reducing and stabilizing agents, while nickel nitrate hexahydrate served as the principal Ni precursor. Ni accumulation and extractable Ni were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the synthesized materials were characterized using SEM–EDS, XRD, FTIR, VSM, BET, and TEM analyses. Among the tested species, <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. produced the most suitable NiO-based nanoparticles, with an average primary particle size of 3.29 ± 1.09&#xa0;nm, a BET surface area of 21.20–22.36&#xa0;m²/g, and a measurable magnetic response. The product should be interpreted as NiO-based nanoparticles rather than high-purity NiO because residual inorganic and carbonaceous components were detected. The environmental assessment showed that the laboratory-scale process consumed 15.71 kWh per batch, corresponding to 14.77&#xa0;kg CO₂-eq per batch or 10,550.71&#xa0;kg CO₂-eq/kg product. Although the product-normalized carbon footprint remains high due to low laboratory-scale yield, the process provides environmental relevance by valorizing Ni-exposed biomass, avoiding high-temperature calcination, and reducing dependence on synthetic stabilizing agents. This work does not evaluate phytoremediation efficiency or application performance, but demonstrates a proof-of-concept environmental valorization pathway linking Ni-exposed biomass management, green nanomaterial synthesis, and carbon-footprint evaluation. These findings strengthen the environmental relevance of the study by positioning Ni-exposed biomass as a secondary resource for sustainable nanomaterial production rather than as unmanaged contaminated waste.</p>

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Environmental valorization of Ni-exposed plant biomass into nickel oxide-based nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization, and carbon footprint assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Abd Mujahid Hamdan,
  • Syafrina Sari Lubis,
  • Khairun Nisah,
  • Arief Sardi,
  • Rian Prayuddi Reksamunandar,
  • Jamaluddin Malik,
  • Surono Surono

摘要

The sustainable management of Ni-exposed plant biomass is an important environmental challenge because improper disposal may create secondary contamination risks. This study evaluates an environmental valorization route for converting Ni-exposed plant biomass into nickel oxide-based nanoparticles through plant extract-assisted green synthesis, combined with preliminary green chemistry and carbon-footprint assessment. Three Ni-tolerant crop species, Brassica oleracea var. sabellica, Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, and Lactuca sativa L., were cultivated under controlled Ni exposure. Their biomass extracts were used as phytochemical reducing and stabilizing agents, while nickel nitrate hexahydrate served as the principal Ni precursor. Ni accumulation and extractable Ni were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the synthesized materials were characterized using SEM–EDS, XRD, FTIR, VSM, BET, and TEM analyses. Among the tested species, Lactuca sativa L. produced the most suitable NiO-based nanoparticles, with an average primary particle size of 3.29 ± 1.09 nm, a BET surface area of 21.20–22.36 m²/g, and a measurable magnetic response. The product should be interpreted as NiO-based nanoparticles rather than high-purity NiO because residual inorganic and carbonaceous components were detected. The environmental assessment showed that the laboratory-scale process consumed 15.71 kWh per batch, corresponding to 14.77 kg CO₂-eq per batch or 10,550.71 kg CO₂-eq/kg product. Although the product-normalized carbon footprint remains high due to low laboratory-scale yield, the process provides environmental relevance by valorizing Ni-exposed biomass, avoiding high-temperature calcination, and reducing dependence on synthetic stabilizing agents. This work does not evaluate phytoremediation efficiency or application performance, but demonstrates a proof-of-concept environmental valorization pathway linking Ni-exposed biomass management, green nanomaterial synthesis, and carbon-footprint evaluation. These findings strengthen the environmental relevance of the study by positioning Ni-exposed biomass as a secondary resource for sustainable nanomaterial production rather than as unmanaged contaminated waste.