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<p>Persistent synthetic herbicides, notably 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), pose substantial environmental and public health risks due to their propensity to contaminate aquatic systems, disrupt trophic networks, and exert long-term toxicity on aquatic biota, owing to their chemical stability and resistance to natural degradation. In this study, we report the synthesis of a robust and multifunctional photocatalyst by encapsulating a copper-based metal–organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) within graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), resulting in a Cu-BTC MOF/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite with significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Extensive physicochemical characterization via UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, EIS, BET and XPS confirmed the successful integration of Cu-BTC MOF with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, revealing improved optical absorption, a narrowed band gap, and increased surface area. The Cu-BTC MOF, with an estimated crystallite size of 16.2 ± 1.5&#xa0;nm, exhibited superior photocatalytic performance as a Cu-BTC MOF/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite, achieving ~ 98.5% degradation of 2,4-D within 120&#xa0;min under visible light, markedly surpassing the activity of the individual components. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a Type-II heterojunction, which facilitates directional charge transfer, promotes effective charge separation, and minimizes electron–hole recombination through the provision of abundant reactive sites. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation of 2,4-D follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the composite demonstrated excellent recyclability, maintaining its catalytic efficacy over multiple cycles. In addition to its photocatalytic proficiency, the Cu-BTC MOF/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite exhibited potent antibacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant activities, outperforming pristine g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and Cu-BTC MOF in biological assays. Notably, it displayed strong antibacterial effects against human pathogens <i>E.coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, with inhibition zones of 19.33 ± 0.57&#xa0;mm and 17.63 ± 0.57&#xa0;mm, respectively, at a dosage of 600&#xa0;µg. Collectively, these findings underscore the promise of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-encapsulated Cu-BTC MOF composites as highly effective and reusable materials for integrated environmental remediation and biomedical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Cu-BTC MOF/g-C3N4 nanocomposite: A light-driven multifunctional agent for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal and broad-spectrum bioactivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月11日

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  • Aseena Azeez,
  • Udayabhanu,
  • Ayyappa Bathinapatla,
  • G. Srinivas Reddy,
  • B. R. Anusha,
  • S. Appu,
  • K. Prashantha,
  • N. S. Bhujangaiah

摘要

Persistent synthetic herbicides, notably 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), pose substantial environmental and public health risks due to their propensity to contaminate aquatic systems, disrupt trophic networks, and exert long-term toxicity on aquatic biota, owing to their chemical stability and resistance to natural degradation. In this study, we report the synthesis of a robust and multifunctional photocatalyst by encapsulating a copper-based metal–organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) within graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), resulting in a Cu-BTC MOF/g-C3N4 composite with significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Extensive physicochemical characterization via UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, EIS, BET and XPS confirmed the successful integration of Cu-BTC MOF with g-C3N4, revealing improved optical absorption, a narrowed band gap, and increased surface area. The Cu-BTC MOF, with an estimated crystallite size of 16.2 ± 1.5 nm, exhibited superior photocatalytic performance as a Cu-BTC MOF/g-C3N4 composite, achieving ~ 98.5% degradation of 2,4-D within 120 min under visible light, markedly surpassing the activity of the individual components. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a Type-II heterojunction, which facilitates directional charge transfer, promotes effective charge separation, and minimizes electron–hole recombination through the provision of abundant reactive sites. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation of 2,4-D follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the composite demonstrated excellent recyclability, maintaining its catalytic efficacy over multiple cycles. In addition to its photocatalytic proficiency, the Cu-BTC MOF/g-C3N4 composite exhibited potent antibacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant activities, outperforming pristine g-C3N4 and Cu-BTC MOF in biological assays. Notably, it displayed strong antibacterial effects against human pathogens E.coli and S. aureus, with inhibition zones of 19.33 ± 0.57 mm and 17.63 ± 0.57 mm, respectively, at a dosage of 600 µg. Collectively, these findings underscore the promise of g-C3N4-encapsulated Cu-BTC MOF composites as highly effective and reusable materials for integrated environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract