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<p>The development of agricultural biostimulants (BS) has marked a significant advancement in bolstering crop resilience against environmental stressors. This study investigates synthesizing and applying six novel nano-based potassium (K)-enriched biostimulants that enhance micronutrient availability, nitrogen uptake, and subsequent plant growth during seed germination and developmental phases. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the synthesized biostimulants were characterized before their application in soil-supporting wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) cultivation. The biostimulants’ effects at three concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5&#xa0;mmol) and were evaluated on physiological and biomolecular parameters. To assess nutrient availability, soil mineral content was analyzed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). An increase in biostimulant concentration led to a marked rise in seed germination rates, correlating with elevated bioavailability of nitrates, ammonia, sulfur, potassium, and other key micronutrients. At a threshold concentration of 0.2&#xa0;mmol, a notable improvement in the bioavailability of nutrients and a significant increase in the total phenol and flavonoid content was observed. The phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE), while flavonoids were quantified based on quercetin equivalents. These phytochemicals were correlated with enhanced antioxidant activities, measured using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The results indicated an 80% increase in antioxidant capacity, particularly for biostimulant BS6 at the 0.2&#xa0;mmol concentration. Furthermore, biostimulants demonstrated a positive effect on the elongation of radicles and plumules, contributing to improved plant vigor. Overall, the study highlights the potential of synthesized K-based biostimulants to significantly enhance crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant activity in arid agricultural systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Nano-enhanced potassium biostimulants: augmenting wheat yield, antioxidant activity, and micronutrient bioavailability in arid agricultural systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月17日

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  • Ali Shahryari,
  • Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi,
  • Hamid Beyzaei,
  • Yasaman Mohammadi,
  • Easmin Nusrat,
  • Hamidreza Sharifan

摘要

The development of agricultural biostimulants (BS) has marked a significant advancement in bolstering crop resilience against environmental stressors. This study investigates synthesizing and applying six novel nano-based potassium (K)-enriched biostimulants that enhance micronutrient availability, nitrogen uptake, and subsequent plant growth during seed germination and developmental phases. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the synthesized biostimulants were characterized before their application in soil-supporting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation. The biostimulants’ effects at three concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mmol) and were evaluated on physiological and biomolecular parameters. To assess nutrient availability, soil mineral content was analyzed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). An increase in biostimulant concentration led to a marked rise in seed germination rates, correlating with elevated bioavailability of nitrates, ammonia, sulfur, potassium, and other key micronutrients. At a threshold concentration of 0.2 mmol, a notable improvement in the bioavailability of nutrients and a significant increase in the total phenol and flavonoid content was observed. The phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE), while flavonoids were quantified based on quercetin equivalents. These phytochemicals were correlated with enhanced antioxidant activities, measured using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The results indicated an 80% increase in antioxidant capacity, particularly for biostimulant BS6 at the 0.2 mmol concentration. Furthermore, biostimulants demonstrated a positive effect on the elongation of radicles and plumules, contributing to improved plant vigor. Overall, the study highlights the potential of synthesized K-based biostimulants to significantly enhance crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant activity in arid agricultural systems.

Graphical Abstract