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<p>Nanotechnology has revolutionized scientific research by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials (less than 100&#xa0;nm) across various fields, including agriculture. Among the numerous nanomaterial production methods, the use of microorganisms such as fungi, algae, bacteria, yeast, and actinomycetes stands out as a green, scalable, and cost-effective approach. These microbes biochemically transform metal ions into nanoparticles, leveraging processes like enzymatic reduction and stabilization, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical synthesis. This review explores recent advances in microbial nanoparticle synthesis, focusing on metals like gold, silver, and copper, and minerals like oxides and sulfides. It examines the underlying mechanisms of nanoparticle formation, including reduction through NADH/NADPH-dependent enzymes, redox metabolism, and functional group interactions on cell surfaces. Characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XRD, essential for optimizing nanoparticle synthesis, are also discussed. A primary emphasis is placed on the agricultural applications of microbially produced nanoparticles. These include innovations such as nano-fungicides and nano-herbicides, which offer significant potential to reduce crop diseases, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve soil remediation. Furthermore, biochar's role as a complementary material for pollutant removal and its synergy with microbial nanoparticles in sustainable agricultural practices is highlighted. Despite their potential, the environmental and toxicological implications of nanoparticles remain critical concerns. Factors like nanoparticle shape, size, concentration, exposure duration, and environmental conditions influence their behavior and effects. Thorough evaluations of these parameters are necessary for safe commercialization. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches at the intersection of microbiology, nanotechnology, and sustainable agriculture. Continued research is vital to addressing current challenges, refining synthesis techniques, and unlocking the full potential of microbial nanoparticle technology in modern agricultural systems.</p>

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Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles for sustainable agricultural advancements: a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月14日

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  • Aditya Sheershwal,
  • Avinash Singh,
  • Vani Sharma,
  • Bhavya Trivedi

摘要

Nanotechnology has revolutionized scientific research by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials (less than 100 nm) across various fields, including agriculture. Among the numerous nanomaterial production methods, the use of microorganisms such as fungi, algae, bacteria, yeast, and actinomycetes stands out as a green, scalable, and cost-effective approach. These microbes biochemically transform metal ions into nanoparticles, leveraging processes like enzymatic reduction and stabilization, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical synthesis. This review explores recent advances in microbial nanoparticle synthesis, focusing on metals like gold, silver, and copper, and minerals like oxides and sulfides. It examines the underlying mechanisms of nanoparticle formation, including reduction through NADH/NADPH-dependent enzymes, redox metabolism, and functional group interactions on cell surfaces. Characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XRD, essential for optimizing nanoparticle synthesis, are also discussed. A primary emphasis is placed on the agricultural applications of microbially produced nanoparticles. These include innovations such as nano-fungicides and nano-herbicides, which offer significant potential to reduce crop diseases, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve soil remediation. Furthermore, biochar's role as a complementary material for pollutant removal and its synergy with microbial nanoparticles in sustainable agricultural practices is highlighted. Despite their potential, the environmental and toxicological implications of nanoparticles remain critical concerns. Factors like nanoparticle shape, size, concentration, exposure duration, and environmental conditions influence their behavior and effects. Thorough evaluations of these parameters are necessary for safe commercialization. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches at the intersection of microbiology, nanotechnology, and sustainable agriculture. Continued research is vital to addressing current challenges, refining synthesis techniques, and unlocking the full potential of microbial nanoparticle technology in modern agricultural systems.