<p>Indian cities are increasingly at the forefront of the climate crisis, contending with escalating challenges such as extreme heatwaves, flooding, air pollution, and rising sea levels. This paper critically examines the interplay between urban political economy, socio-economic inequality, and caste-based marginalization in shaping climate justice policies in Indian cities. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have intensified environmental degradation and climate vulnerability, disproportionately affecting low-income and marginalized caste groups such as Dalits and Adivasis. The entrenched power of economic elites and political actors often prioritizes development agendas that exclude these vulnerable populations from climate adaptation measures, thereby exacerbating existing socio-spatial inequalities. Drawing on empirical evidence and case studies, this work elucidates how caste discrimination intersects with urban governance structures to perpetuate environmental injustice, limiting access to resilient infrastructure and green spaces for excluded communities. By foregrounding caste as a critical axis of environmental vulnerability, this research contributes to advancing climate justice discourses in the context of rapidly transforming Indian urban landscapes. The paper also calls for embracing feminist political ecology and feminist planning principles to foster social justice, gender equity, and ecological sustainability, ultimately advancing more just and resilient climate adaptation strategies in India’s rapidly transforming urban landscapes.</p>