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<p>Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often limited by toxicity, drug resistance, and relapse. Nanotechnology offers new opportunities to overcome these barriers through the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms. Among them, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted significant interest owing to their ultrasmall size, tunable photoluminescence, high drug-loading capacity, and favorable biocompatibility. This review summarizes recent advances in GQD-based strategies for cancer therapy, with a focus on synthesis methods, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic mechanisms, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). We also discuss their biocompatibility, safety profile, and current limitations, highlighting key translational challenges such as scalable green synthesis, standardized toxicological assessments, and the integration of GQDs into multimodal treatment approaches. By addressing these challenges, GQDs may progress from experimental systems to reliable clinical tools for precision oncology.</p>

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Recent advances in graphene quantum dot-based strategies for cancer treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月1日

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  • Sepide Jafarzadeh Rastin,
  • Fatemeh Taghvaei,
  • Marjan Bagheri,
  • Azim Akbarzadeh Khiyavi,
  • Nasim Babaknejad

摘要

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often limited by toxicity, drug resistance, and relapse. Nanotechnology offers new opportunities to overcome these barriers through the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms. Among them, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted significant interest owing to their ultrasmall size, tunable photoluminescence, high drug-loading capacity, and favorable biocompatibility. This review summarizes recent advances in GQD-based strategies for cancer therapy, with a focus on synthesis methods, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic mechanisms, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). We also discuss their biocompatibility, safety profile, and current limitations, highlighting key translational challenges such as scalable green synthesis, standardized toxicological assessments, and the integration of GQDs into multimodal treatment approaches. By addressing these challenges, GQDs may progress from experimental systems to reliable clinical tools for precision oncology.