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Background <p>Circadian rhythm disturbances are widely reported in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and have been proposed as transdiagnostic vulnerability mechanisms. Whether such alterations are detectable in unaffected first-degree relatives remains unclear. This study examined sleep quality, chronotype, and biological rhythm functioning in relatives of individuals with these disorders.</p> Methods <p>In this cross-sectional study, 146 participants were included: 44 relatives of individuals with schizophrenia (SCZr), 47 relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder (BDr), and 55 healthy controls. Sleep quality and habitual bedtime and wake-up time were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), chronotype using the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and biological rhythms using the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN). Group differences were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA adjusting for age, gender, and comorbid medical conditions.</p> Results <p>No significant differences were observed in overall sleep quality, chronotype, or biological rhythm measures. Differences in specific sleep components were observed, particularly for sleep duration (<i>p</i>=.025), while sleep latency showed a trend-level effect (<i>p</i>=.068); however, these effects were small and not consistently indicative of greater disturbance among relatives. Moreover, relatives reported significantly later habitual bedtimes (<i>p</i>=.009) and wake-up times (<i>p</i>=.005). Correlation analyses demonstrated robust associations between sleep quality, chronotype, and biological rhythm regulation (<i>p</i> &lt; .001).</p> Conclusions <p>These findings suggest that self-reported circadian characteristics appeared largely preserved at the time of assessment in individuals with familial risk. Although modest differences in habitual sleep timing and selected sleep characteristics were observed, longitudinal studies using larger samples and objective circadian assessments will be important to clarify whether such alterations precede the onset of major psychiatric disorders.</p>

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Sleep and circadian rhythm characteristics in unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Ayse Kurtulmus,
  • Fatma Busra Parlakkaya Yildiz,
  • Beyzanur Eregli,
  • Zulal Celik

摘要

Background

Circadian rhythm disturbances are widely reported in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and have been proposed as transdiagnostic vulnerability mechanisms. Whether such alterations are detectable in unaffected first-degree relatives remains unclear. This study examined sleep quality, chronotype, and biological rhythm functioning in relatives of individuals with these disorders.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 146 participants were included: 44 relatives of individuals with schizophrenia (SCZr), 47 relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder (BDr), and 55 healthy controls. Sleep quality and habitual bedtime and wake-up time were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), chronotype using the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and biological rhythms using the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN). Group differences were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA adjusting for age, gender, and comorbid medical conditions.

Results

No significant differences were observed in overall sleep quality, chronotype, or biological rhythm measures. Differences in specific sleep components were observed, particularly for sleep duration (p=.025), while sleep latency showed a trend-level effect (p=.068); however, these effects were small and not consistently indicative of greater disturbance among relatives. Moreover, relatives reported significantly later habitual bedtimes (p=.009) and wake-up times (p=.005). Correlation analyses demonstrated robust associations between sleep quality, chronotype, and biological rhythm regulation (p < .001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that self-reported circadian characteristics appeared largely preserved at the time of assessment in individuals with familial risk. Although modest differences in habitual sleep timing and selected sleep characteristics were observed, longitudinal studies using larger samples and objective circadian assessments will be important to clarify whether such alterations precede the onset of major psychiatric disorders.