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<p>The main objective of this research is to investigate the anti-scaling capacity of the aqueous extract from the leaves of <i>Vitex agnus-castus</i> (VACE) against the scaling of pipelines caused by treated wastewater intended for irrigation.The VACE inhibitor was prepared in an aqueous solution by infusion. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and colorimetric assays, respectively. Furthermore, its phytochemical composition was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the functional groups present in the leaf extract. The evaluation tests of the inhibitory power of VACE were carried out using the controlled degassing method (LCGE) at 25&#xa0;°C on a pure calco-carbonic solution at 40°f, followed by a preliminary conductivity test and a high-temperature static test to verify the thermal stability of the inhibitor. The crystalline structure of the scale was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction. SEM analyses showed that the dominant inhibition mechanism for this inhibitor was the alteration of crystal shapes. The VACE inhibitor demonstrated high performance in inhibiting calcium carbonate precipitation. The effective concentration under experimental conditions was 96&#xa0;mg/L. The novelty of this work lies in highlighting a plant-based, eco-friendly, and biodegradable scale inhibitor as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical inhibitors, which are often toxic.</p>

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Green and Sustainable Strategies for Controlling Scaling in Drip Irrigation Systems: Investigation of the Efficiency of Vitex agnus-castus Leaf Extract Against CaCO₃ Scale Using Experimental Approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Mustapha Nassiri,
  • Ilham Karmal,
  • Sara Darbal,
  • Rachid Lamine,
  • Mohamed El housse,
  • Nidale kanoufi,
  • Said Ben-aazza,
  • M’Barek Belattar,
  • Ali Driouiche

摘要

The main objective of this research is to investigate the anti-scaling capacity of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Vitex agnus-castus (VACE) against the scaling of pipelines caused by treated wastewater intended for irrigation.The VACE inhibitor was prepared in an aqueous solution by infusion. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and colorimetric assays, respectively. Furthermore, its phytochemical composition was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the functional groups present in the leaf extract. The evaluation tests of the inhibitory power of VACE were carried out using the controlled degassing method (LCGE) at 25 °C on a pure calco-carbonic solution at 40°f, followed by a preliminary conductivity test and a high-temperature static test to verify the thermal stability of the inhibitor. The crystalline structure of the scale was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction. SEM analyses showed that the dominant inhibition mechanism for this inhibitor was the alteration of crystal shapes. The VACE inhibitor demonstrated high performance in inhibiting calcium carbonate precipitation. The effective concentration under experimental conditions was 96 mg/L. The novelty of this work lies in highlighting a plant-based, eco-friendly, and biodegradable scale inhibitor as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical inhibitors, which are often toxic.