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<p>The present study introduces the development of a sustainable ZnO/ACPS composite derived from waste pistachio shells that combines adsorption and photocatalytic degradation for efficient methylene blue removal. The synergistic interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and activated carbon enhanced charge separation and dye removal efficiency. Comprehensive characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the functional groups, crystalline structure, morphology, elemental composition, surface area, and thermal stability of the composite. Parameters, including “catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, stirring speed, contact time, and pH, were systematically evaluated” to improve adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance. Under optimized conditions, the material exhibited nearly 90% adsorption efficiency and 96% photocatalytic removal efficiency. Kinetic investigations revealed that adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating favorable surface interactions, whereas photocatalytic degradation exhibited a single rate-limiting step driven by reactive species and obeyed a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm confirmed Langmuir-type adsorption, suggesting a monolayer interaction, with q<sub>max</sub> of 58.82&#xa0;mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters reveal that the adsorption of MB dye on ZnO/ACPS materials was spontaneous and endothermic. The hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and electrostatic interaction take place between ZnO/ACPS materials and Methylene Blue dye. The degradation of MB dye was studied under Ultraviolet light irradiation with a wavelength of 245 and 365&#xa0;nm. Furthermore, reusability experiments demonstrated that the composite retained about 78% of its adsorption ability and 82% of its photocatalytic activity even after five consecutive cycles.</p>

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Efficient Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye Using ZnO Modified Activated Carbon Derived from Pistachio Shells: Optimization, Isotherms and Kinetics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Vemakoti Jaahnawwie,
  • Jitendra Kumar Sahoo,
  • Satish Chandra Bhuyan,
  • Biswajit Mohanty,
  • Tushar Kanta Pradhan,
  • Himanshu Shekhar,
  • Harekrushna Sahoo

摘要

The present study introduces the development of a sustainable ZnO/ACPS composite derived from waste pistachio shells that combines adsorption and photocatalytic degradation for efficient methylene blue removal. The synergistic interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and activated carbon enhanced charge separation and dye removal efficiency. Comprehensive characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the functional groups, crystalline structure, morphology, elemental composition, surface area, and thermal stability of the composite. Parameters, including “catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, stirring speed, contact time, and pH, were systematically evaluated” to improve adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance. Under optimized conditions, the material exhibited nearly 90% adsorption efficiency and 96% photocatalytic removal efficiency. Kinetic investigations revealed that adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating favorable surface interactions, whereas photocatalytic degradation exhibited a single rate-limiting step driven by reactive species and obeyed a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm confirmed Langmuir-type adsorption, suggesting a monolayer interaction, with qmax of 58.82 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters reveal that the adsorption of MB dye on ZnO/ACPS materials was spontaneous and endothermic. The hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and electrostatic interaction take place between ZnO/ACPS materials and Methylene Blue dye. The degradation of MB dye was studied under Ultraviolet light irradiation with a wavelength of 245 and 365 nm. Furthermore, reusability experiments demonstrated that the composite retained about 78% of its adsorption ability and 82% of its photocatalytic activity even after five consecutive cycles.