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<p>The excessive discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater is a major environmental issue due to the process of eutrophication. This research evaluated electrocoagulation (EC) for the removal of nutrients and also examined how the configuration of the electrodes affects treatment efficiencies, energy consumption, and costs of operation. A laboratory-scale EC reactor was tested using three different configurations: aluminum-aluminum (Al-Al), iron-iron (Fe-Fe), and a hybrid configuration of both aluminum and iron (Al-Fe). These configurations were operated under a range of operating conditions including current densities of 5–20&#xa0;mA/cm², electrolysis times of 5–60&#xa0;min, pH levels, and distances between the electrodes. The Al-Al configuration displayed the best performance with near-complete removal of ammonia nitrogen (97.5%) and phosphates (96.7%) when optimally configured. Only trace amounts of nitrates (&lt; 5% of initial nitrogen) were detected, likely formed by partial ammonium oxidation. The superior performance of the Al-Al configuration was attributed to the plentiful generation of amorphous aluminum (III) hydrate (Al(OH)₃) flocs that exhibited a large adsorption capacity. The optimal conditions for operating the EC reactor were established as a near neutral pH value and a small distance between the electrodes (0.2&#xa0;cm), resulting in a low specific energy requirement of 3.1 kWh/m³ and estimated treatment costs of 0.26 USD/m³. Comparative analyses indicated that the choice of electrode material significantly affects the mechanisms for nutrient removal and sustainability of the process. Therefore, the use of aluminum in electrocoagulation was determined to be an effective, affordable, and environmentally sustainable alternative for the treatment of nutrients from decentralized municipal wastewater systems.</p>

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Electrode Configuration Effects on Nutrient Removal and Energy Efficiency in Electrocoagulation of Municipal Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Ahmed Salim,
  • E. L. Mehdi E. L. Handaoui,
  • Hassan Nour,
  • Maha Adel,
  • Abdeslam E. L. Bouari,
  • Youssef Lghazi,
  • Omar Tanane

摘要

The excessive discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater is a major environmental issue due to the process of eutrophication. This research evaluated electrocoagulation (EC) for the removal of nutrients and also examined how the configuration of the electrodes affects treatment efficiencies, energy consumption, and costs of operation. A laboratory-scale EC reactor was tested using three different configurations: aluminum-aluminum (Al-Al), iron-iron (Fe-Fe), and a hybrid configuration of both aluminum and iron (Al-Fe). These configurations were operated under a range of operating conditions including current densities of 5–20 mA/cm², electrolysis times of 5–60 min, pH levels, and distances between the electrodes. The Al-Al configuration displayed the best performance with near-complete removal of ammonia nitrogen (97.5%) and phosphates (96.7%) when optimally configured. Only trace amounts of nitrates (< 5% of initial nitrogen) were detected, likely formed by partial ammonium oxidation. The superior performance of the Al-Al configuration was attributed to the plentiful generation of amorphous aluminum (III) hydrate (Al(OH)₃) flocs that exhibited a large adsorption capacity. The optimal conditions for operating the EC reactor were established as a near neutral pH value and a small distance between the electrodes (0.2 cm), resulting in a low specific energy requirement of 3.1 kWh/m³ and estimated treatment costs of 0.26 USD/m³. Comparative analyses indicated that the choice of electrode material significantly affects the mechanisms for nutrient removal and sustainability of the process. Therefore, the use of aluminum in electrocoagulation was determined to be an effective, affordable, and environmentally sustainable alternative for the treatment of nutrients from decentralized municipal wastewater systems.