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<p>Fluvisols are fragile soils extensively used for irrigated agriculture in semi-arid Mediterranean coastal regions. This study evaluates the short- and long-term impacts of treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation on the physicochemical dynamics of a Tunisian coastal Fluvisol, comparing a non-irrigated reference plot with soils irrigated for 2 and 16 years. Soil samples collected at various depths were analyzed for key physicochemical attributes using multivariate statistical methods. While soil texture remained stable, TWW application induced significant chemical transformations. Short-term irrigation (2 years) enhanced soil fertility through organic matter accumulation and a favorable pH shift from strongly alkaline to near-neutral, with moderate salinity and no detectable sodicity. Conversely, 16 years of irrigation led to cumulative degradation, characterized by hypersalinization, sodium accumulation, carbonate redistribution, pronounced acidification, and a disrupted cation exchange complex. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified strong interactions between pH, ECe, soluble ions, and organic matter, confirming irrigation duration as the primary driver of soil divergence. Although TWW offers immediate agronomic benefits, prolonged application without strategic management exacerbates the risks of salinization, sodification, and structural decline. Long-term sustainability in semi-arid agriculture therefore necessitates continuous monitoring and adaptive mitigation strategies.</p>

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Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Fluvisol Properties Dynamics: Time-Dependent Effects and Environmental Risks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Nebil Belaid,
  • Siwar Feki,
  • Kamel Zouari

摘要

Fluvisols are fragile soils extensively used for irrigated agriculture in semi-arid Mediterranean coastal regions. This study evaluates the short- and long-term impacts of treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation on the physicochemical dynamics of a Tunisian coastal Fluvisol, comparing a non-irrigated reference plot with soils irrigated for 2 and 16 years. Soil samples collected at various depths were analyzed for key physicochemical attributes using multivariate statistical methods. While soil texture remained stable, TWW application induced significant chemical transformations. Short-term irrigation (2 years) enhanced soil fertility through organic matter accumulation and a favorable pH shift from strongly alkaline to near-neutral, with moderate salinity and no detectable sodicity. Conversely, 16 years of irrigation led to cumulative degradation, characterized by hypersalinization, sodium accumulation, carbonate redistribution, pronounced acidification, and a disrupted cation exchange complex. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified strong interactions between pH, ECe, soluble ions, and organic matter, confirming irrigation duration as the primary driver of soil divergence. Although TWW offers immediate agronomic benefits, prolonged application without strategic management exacerbates the risks of salinization, sodification, and structural decline. Long-term sustainability in semi-arid agriculture therefore necessitates continuous monitoring and adaptive mitigation strategies.