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<p>Stable voltage stacking remains a critical challenge in continuous flow microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems, primarily due to ionic cross conduction between serially connected units during scale up. Conventional mitigation strategies that rely on membranes or physical separators often exhibit limited effectiveness under continuous hydraulic conditions. In this study, we propose a drip fed, air gap isolated tubular MFC configuration designed to decouple ionic transport pathways between adjacent units while sustaining continuous wastewater treatment. System performance was evaluated by comparing air separated and drip bridged stacking modes under identical operating conditions. The results demonstrate that air gap enabled operation permits stable voltage stacking during continuous flow, whereas conventional configurations exhibit pronounced voltage instability. When operated with an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1100&#xa0;mg/L, the three unit drip biofilter based tubular air cathode microbial fuel cell system (DB TAC MFC) achieved a peak voltage of 1.14&#xa0;V, a volumetric power density of 5218.3 mW/m³ at a 1.2 MΩ external resistance, and maintained 75% COD removal over 72&#xa0;h. These findings suggest that air gap assisted hydraulic decoupling provides a viable proof of concept pathway toward modular and scalable voltage stacking in continuous flow MFC systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Development of a Drip Biofilter Microbial Fuel Cell System with Air Gap Isolation for Enhanced Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Xiang Wang,
  • Chih-Hung Wu,
  • Xiaowen Liu,
  • Jiahua Zhang,
  • Le Li

摘要

Stable voltage stacking remains a critical challenge in continuous flow microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems, primarily due to ionic cross conduction between serially connected units during scale up. Conventional mitigation strategies that rely on membranes or physical separators often exhibit limited effectiveness under continuous hydraulic conditions. In this study, we propose a drip fed, air gap isolated tubular MFC configuration designed to decouple ionic transport pathways between adjacent units while sustaining continuous wastewater treatment. System performance was evaluated by comparing air separated and drip bridged stacking modes under identical operating conditions. The results demonstrate that air gap enabled operation permits stable voltage stacking during continuous flow, whereas conventional configurations exhibit pronounced voltage instability. When operated with an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 1100 mg/L, the three unit drip biofilter based tubular air cathode microbial fuel cell system (DB TAC MFC) achieved a peak voltage of 1.14 V, a volumetric power density of 5218.3 mW/m³ at a 1.2 MΩ external resistance, and maintained 75% COD removal over 72 h. These findings suggest that air gap assisted hydraulic decoupling provides a viable proof of concept pathway toward modular and scalable voltage stacking in continuous flow MFC systems.

Graphical Abstract