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<p>This study presents a comprehensive 3E and ES (Energy, Exergy, Economic, Environmental, and Sustainability) assessment of a Pyramid Solar Still (PSS) integrated with a Solar Water Heater (PSS-SWH) and a Photovoltaic System (PSS-PVS) across six configurations (Case I–VI) for 2&#xa0;cm water depth. Freshwater productivity increased from 7.18 to 7.82&#xa0;L/m² (Case I–II) to 9.67–12.54&#xa0;L/m² (Case III–IV) and 11.09&#xa0;L/m² (Case VI), reflecting 38–58% enhancement for PSS-SWH and 28–42% for PSS-PVS. Basin water temperatures reached 73–78&#xa0;°C (SWH) and 68–72&#xa0;°C (PVS), improving thermal efficiency to 32–38%, corresponding to 24–35% (SWH) and 15–25% (PVS) enhancement. Exergy efficiency increased to 4.2–4.8% (SWH) and 3.5–4.1% (PVS), showing 35–48% and 20–32% improvement, respectively. Annualized costs were $46–$50 (SWH) and $55–$59 (PVS), with water production costs of $0.0078–$0.0098/L and $0.0094–$0.0113/L, and payback periods of 1.8–2.1 yrs and 2.4–2.7 yrs. Sustainability indicators—exergoeconomic (0.32–0.38), exergoenvironmental (0.41–0.48), and exergoenviroeconomic (0.29–0.35)—were highest for PSS-SWH, along with maximum CO₂ reduction of 25–27&#xa0;kg/yr•m² (vs. 20–22&#xa0;kg/yr•m² for PVS). Annualized costs including maintenance ranged $14.52–$21.66/yr, with Cases I, III, and V lowest due to reduced capital costs. A validated 15-year lifespan with manageable degradation rates (PV: 0.5–1%/yr; absorber: 10–15 yrs; insulation: 8–12 yrs; glass transmissivity loss) ensures long-term reliability. Overall, Case IV (PSS-SWH) emerged as the best-performing configuration, offering the highest productivity, superior thermodynamic performance, lowest water cost, fastest economic return, and strongest environmental impact.</p>

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Performance Enhancement of Pyramid Solar Still Using Black Granite Gravels and Coarse Sand: A 3E and ES Comparative Analyses with SWH and PV Integrations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Nilesh C. Kanojiya,
  • Ritesh K. Sambare,
  • Pratik V. Dhage,
  • Achal S. Shahare,
  • Himanshu Bisaria,
  • Rajeshkumar Madarkar,
  • Bipin Wankhede,
  • Nilesh Balki

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive 3E and ES (Energy, Exergy, Economic, Environmental, and Sustainability) assessment of a Pyramid Solar Still (PSS) integrated with a Solar Water Heater (PSS-SWH) and a Photovoltaic System (PSS-PVS) across six configurations (Case I–VI) for 2 cm water depth. Freshwater productivity increased from 7.18 to 7.82 L/m² (Case I–II) to 9.67–12.54 L/m² (Case III–IV) and 11.09 L/m² (Case VI), reflecting 38–58% enhancement for PSS-SWH and 28–42% for PSS-PVS. Basin water temperatures reached 73–78 °C (SWH) and 68–72 °C (PVS), improving thermal efficiency to 32–38%, corresponding to 24–35% (SWH) and 15–25% (PVS) enhancement. Exergy efficiency increased to 4.2–4.8% (SWH) and 3.5–4.1% (PVS), showing 35–48% and 20–32% improvement, respectively. Annualized costs were $46–$50 (SWH) and $55–$59 (PVS), with water production costs of $0.0078–$0.0098/L and $0.0094–$0.0113/L, and payback periods of 1.8–2.1 yrs and 2.4–2.7 yrs. Sustainability indicators—exergoeconomic (0.32–0.38), exergoenvironmental (0.41–0.48), and exergoenviroeconomic (0.29–0.35)—were highest for PSS-SWH, along with maximum CO₂ reduction of 25–27 kg/yr•m² (vs. 20–22 kg/yr•m² for PVS). Annualized costs including maintenance ranged $14.52–$21.66/yr, with Cases I, III, and V lowest due to reduced capital costs. A validated 15-year lifespan with manageable degradation rates (PV: 0.5–1%/yr; absorber: 10–15 yrs; insulation: 8–12 yrs; glass transmissivity loss) ensures long-term reliability. Overall, Case IV (PSS-SWH) emerged as the best-performing configuration, offering the highest productivity, superior thermodynamic performance, lowest water cost, fastest economic return, and strongest environmental impact.