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<p>Conventional single-slope solar stills suffer from inherently low freshwater productivity due to limited evaporation rates and heat transfer. To address this limitation, this study experimentally investigates the performance enhancement of a single-slope solar still using three different steel fiber configurations—steel fiber pads, fine steel wool, and coarse steel fibers—evaluated through a comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) analysis. Experimental results reveal that steel fiber pads provide the most significant improvement, increasing freshwater productivity by 54.67%, energy efficiency by 52.5%, and exergy efficiency by 50.2% compared with the conventional still. In addition, this configuration reduces the cost per liter of distilled water by 31.67% and lowers carbon emissions per liter by 25.12%. Coarse steel fibers also show notable enhancements, achieving a 39.87% increase in productivity and a 40.2% rise in energy efficiency, while fine steel wool yields more moderate gains. These findings demonstrate that incorporating steel fibers effectively overcomes the low-performance limitation of conventional solar stills, with steel fiber pads offering the most balanced thermodynamic, economic, and environmental benefits.</p>

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Experimental 4E Assessment of a Single-Slope Solar Still Enhanced with Different Steel Fiber Configurations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Saif Ali Kadhim,
  • Ali M. Ashour,
  • Abdallah Bouabidi,
  • Husam Abdulrasool Hasan,
  • Farhan Lafta Rashid,
  • Karrar A. Hammoodi

摘要

Conventional single-slope solar stills suffer from inherently low freshwater productivity due to limited evaporation rates and heat transfer. To address this limitation, this study experimentally investigates the performance enhancement of a single-slope solar still using three different steel fiber configurations—steel fiber pads, fine steel wool, and coarse steel fibers—evaluated through a comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) analysis. Experimental results reveal that steel fiber pads provide the most significant improvement, increasing freshwater productivity by 54.67%, energy efficiency by 52.5%, and exergy efficiency by 50.2% compared with the conventional still. In addition, this configuration reduces the cost per liter of distilled water by 31.67% and lowers carbon emissions per liter by 25.12%. Coarse steel fibers also show notable enhancements, achieving a 39.87% increase in productivity and a 40.2% rise in energy efficiency, while fine steel wool yields more moderate gains. These findings demonstrate that incorporating steel fibers effectively overcomes the low-performance limitation of conventional solar stills, with steel fiber pads offering the most balanced thermodynamic, economic, and environmental benefits.