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<p>Comprehensive aquifer characterization through advanced geophysical techniques is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 targets and ensuring long-term groundwater security in crystalline basement terrains. This study employed an integrated approach combining the azimuthal square array resistivity method, secondary porosity assessment, and three-dimensional modelling to characterize groundwater aquifer systems in the Valliyur area, Southern India. Fourteen VES surveys were systematically investigated using square array configuration with azimuthal measurements at 45-degree intervals through 180-degree rotations to detect fracture-induced anisotropy and preferential flow orientations. Results revealed a heterogeneous fractured bedrock aquifer system within garnetiferous biotite gneiss formations, with resistivity values ranging from 27 to 1948 Ω.m across distinct geoelectrical layers. Volume calculations indicate a total subsurface system of 22.42 km<sup>3</sup>, comprising five lithological units with water-bearing fractured zones (3.26 km<sup>3</sup>) providing 0.089–0.194 km<sup>3</sup> exploitable groundwater storage. Azimuthal analysis identified systematic depth-dependent fracture orientations, with near-surface NW–SE trends transitioning to deeper E-W patterns and anisotropy coefficients ranging from 1.09 to 1.65 indicating moderate to strong structural control. Secondary porosity estimates varied from 0.08% to 3.32%, with highest values concentrated in structurally complex zones. The integrated 3D model demonstrated that aquifer productivity is strongly controlled by fracture network intersections, with optimal development zones characterized by secondary porosity &gt; 2.0% and anisotropy coefficients &gt; 1.4. The study provides a quantitative foundation for evidence-based groundwater management strategies, contributing directly to SDG 6 achievement through sustainable aquifer development guidelines. The framework presented here&#xa0;offers a cost-effective, scalable approach for regional groundwater assessment in similar crystalline basement environments globally.</p>

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Characterization of Fractured Basement Aquifers Using Square Array VES, Azimuthal Resistivity Analysis, and 3D Lithological Modelling: An Integrated Approach for Sustainable Groundwater Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • A. Antony Alosanai Promilton,
  • A. Antony Ravindran,
  • V. Stephen Pitchaimani,
  • J. Vinoth Kingston,
  • S. Richard Abishek,
  • R. J. Jerin Joe

摘要

Comprehensive aquifer characterization through advanced geophysical techniques is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 targets and ensuring long-term groundwater security in crystalline basement terrains. This study employed an integrated approach combining the azimuthal square array resistivity method, secondary porosity assessment, and three-dimensional modelling to characterize groundwater aquifer systems in the Valliyur area, Southern India. Fourteen VES surveys were systematically investigated using square array configuration with azimuthal measurements at 45-degree intervals through 180-degree rotations to detect fracture-induced anisotropy and preferential flow orientations. Results revealed a heterogeneous fractured bedrock aquifer system within garnetiferous biotite gneiss formations, with resistivity values ranging from 27 to 1948 Ω.m across distinct geoelectrical layers. Volume calculations indicate a total subsurface system of 22.42 km3, comprising five lithological units with water-bearing fractured zones (3.26 km3) providing 0.089–0.194 km3 exploitable groundwater storage. Azimuthal analysis identified systematic depth-dependent fracture orientations, with near-surface NW–SE trends transitioning to deeper E-W patterns and anisotropy coefficients ranging from 1.09 to 1.65 indicating moderate to strong structural control. Secondary porosity estimates varied from 0.08% to 3.32%, with highest values concentrated in structurally complex zones. The integrated 3D model demonstrated that aquifer productivity is strongly controlled by fracture network intersections, with optimal development zones characterized by secondary porosity > 2.0% and anisotropy coefficients > 1.4. The study provides a quantitative foundation for evidence-based groundwater management strategies, contributing directly to SDG 6 achievement through sustainable aquifer development guidelines. The framework presented here offers a cost-effective, scalable approach for regional groundwater assessment in similar crystalline basement environments globally.