<p>Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Songwe District of Tanzania has raised substantial environmental and socio-economic concerns, particularly regarding the effects of mine blasting on local water supply systems. This study aimed to assess community perceptions of blasting impacts on household water quality and supply reliability, examine hydrological and environmental consequences, and explore governance gaps along with potential mitigation strategies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating household surveys (N = 150), structured surveys with artisanal and small-scale miners (N = 75), key informant interviews (N = 28), and systematic field observations. Findings indicate that 58% of respondents reported negative effects of blasting on water quality, while 70% noted disruptions in water supply. Pearson Chi-square analysis (<i>χ</i>² = 29.837, <i>p</i> = 0.019) confirmed a statistically significant association between blasting and decreased water reliability. Blasting-induced vibrations and chemical discharges were identified as primary contributors to water pollution and structural damage to water sources. Furthermore, 62% of respondents expressed concerns about water safety, and 69% reported having to rely on alternative sources, highlighting the community’s vulnerability. Governance analysis revealed substantial gaps in regulatory enforcement, limited community engagement, and inadequate monitoring of ASM activities. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated water resource management strategies that combine data-driven approaches with community-led mitigation measures. By providing empirical evidence of the socio-environmental impacts of ASM blasting, this research informs policymakers and stakeholders in developing sustainable mining practices that protect water resources and ensure long-term water security for affected communities.</p>