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<p>With agriculture consuming approximately 70–87% of global freshwater resources, seawater greenhouse (SWGH) technology emerges as a vital and sustainable solution to address the water–food–energy nexus, particularly in arid coastal regions. SWGH systems utilize seawater and solar energy to create optimal microclimates for crop production by employing processes such as evaporative cooling, humidification, condensation, and passive solar-powered desalination, significantly reducing freshwater dependence while mitigating climate change impacts. This review synthesizes research on SWGH operational principles, design evolution, and practical applications, including integration into green buildings for urban greening, air pollution reduction, and energy-efficient climate regulation. Special emphasis is placed on the incorporation of machine learning (ML) techniques, which enhance energy efficiency, predictive irrigation, climate control, and overall system optimization. Case studies from Tenerife, UAE, and Somaliland demonstrate that SWGHs can reduce freshwater consumption by up to 90% and increase crop yields by 30–35% compared to conventional farming methods. Environmental and economic analyses reveal their potential to improve food security, promote sustainable land use, and offer favorable long-term returns despite initial costs and operational challenges. Identified challenges such as energy consumption, maintenance, and scalability are being addressed through AI-driven optimization and design innovations. Overall, SWGH technology is positioned as a transformative practice for climate-resilient agriculture and eco-friendly urban development, warranting further research and policy support for scalable global deployment to combat water scarcity, pollution, and food security challenges.</p>

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Review of Seawater Greenhouses: Integrating Sustainable Agriculture into Green Building

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月14日

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  • Amirhossein Barzigar,
  • Arun S. Mujumdar,
  • S. M. Hosseinalipour

摘要

With agriculture consuming approximately 70–87% of global freshwater resources, seawater greenhouse (SWGH) technology emerges as a vital and sustainable solution to address the water–food–energy nexus, particularly in arid coastal regions. SWGH systems utilize seawater and solar energy to create optimal microclimates for crop production by employing processes such as evaporative cooling, humidification, condensation, and passive solar-powered desalination, significantly reducing freshwater dependence while mitigating climate change impacts. This review synthesizes research on SWGH operational principles, design evolution, and practical applications, including integration into green buildings for urban greening, air pollution reduction, and energy-efficient climate regulation. Special emphasis is placed on the incorporation of machine learning (ML) techniques, which enhance energy efficiency, predictive irrigation, climate control, and overall system optimization. Case studies from Tenerife, UAE, and Somaliland demonstrate that SWGHs can reduce freshwater consumption by up to 90% and increase crop yields by 30–35% compared to conventional farming methods. Environmental and economic analyses reveal their potential to improve food security, promote sustainable land use, and offer favorable long-term returns despite initial costs and operational challenges. Identified challenges such as energy consumption, maintenance, and scalability are being addressed through AI-driven optimization and design innovations. Overall, SWGH technology is positioned as a transformative practice for climate-resilient agriculture and eco-friendly urban development, warranting further research and policy support for scalable global deployment to combat water scarcity, pollution, and food security challenges.