<p>Urban water stress is an escalating global concern, driven by the confluence of rapid urbanization, population growth, and the pervasive impacts of climate change. This review paper explores the multifaceted implications of climate change on urban water supply systems, highlighting the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities of cities worldwide. Climate change exacerbates water scarcity through altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and rising temperatures, which collectively strain existing water resources. Urban areas, with their high population densities and significant water demands, are particularly susceptible to these changes. This paper synthesizes recent research on the hydrological impacts of climate change, evaluates the resilience of urban water infrastructures, and examines innovative strategies for sustainable water management. Emphasis is placed on the importance of integrated water resource management, the adoption of advanced technologies, and policy frameworks that support adaptive capacity. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review aims to inform stakeholders and policymakers on effective interventions to mitigate urban water stress in the face of an uncertain climate future.</p>