<p>This study investigates the influence of nano-alumina (Al₂O₃) on the physical and rheological performance of VG-10 asphalt binders, aiming to enhance thermal durability under high temperature conditions. Nano-Al₂O₃ was incorporated at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% by weight of binder to identify the optimal dosage for performance enhancement. Results showed that the addition of nano-alumina increased viscosity and softening point while reducing penetration and ductility, indicating improved stiffness and thermal stability. Rheological analysis revealed enhanced elasticity and stiffness with increasing nano-alumina content. The rutting and fatigue resistance improved most notably at 3% nano-alumina, with the rutting parameter and fatigue life increasing by 25–30% compared to the control binder. The 4% nano-alumina mix exhibited the highest elastic recovery and lowest non-recoverable creep compliance, indicating superior resistance to permanent deformation. Overall, nano-alumina proved to be an effective additive, with 3–4% identified as the optimal range for improving stiffness, elasticity, and durability of asphalt binders. The observed improvements were found to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>