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<p>The role of the agricultural and industrial sector in human and economic development cannot be overemphasized. Interestingly, almost all agricultural and industrial activities generate by-products in large quantities in many countries. These by-products are usually used as landfill, and burning of these by-products causes environmental pollution. To reduce the environmental impact, eco-friendly concrete is developed using industrial and agricultural by-products. In concrete, fine and coarse aggregates act as filler materials, and cement, together with water, create the binding phase for the hydration reaction. But the usage of cement increases the environmental footprint, contributing roughly 8–10% to Global anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The environmental impact can be partially mitigated by incorporating these agricultural and industrial wastes as partial cement substitutes, thereby reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, minimizing air pollution, and conserving non-renewable resources. The replacement of 30–50% of ordinary Portland cement with SCMs reduces 25–45% of CO<sub>2</sub> gas in the cradle-to-gate process. Fly ash and GGBS are commonly used SCMs in concrete, but newer materials are now being explored to make construction more sustainable. Agricultural wastes such as SCBA, RHA, and POFA, along with industrial by-products like FA and GGBS, are employed as partial cement replacements to mitigate environmental pollution, reduce CO₂ emissions, enhanced durability and long-term strength due to their pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactivity, which promotes the formation of additional C–S–H gel. Additionally, metakaolin (MK) improves mechanical properties, while nano-materials (NS and NMK) contribute to microstructural refinement and accelerated early-age strength. This study explores the influence of incorporating agricultural and industrial by-products into self-compacting concrete, focusing on their impact on the material’s fresh properties, hardened properties, and microstructural behaviour. The benefits of using the by-products in the production process give a more sustainable and environmentally friendly SCC.</p>

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Valorization of agro and industrial waste for sustainable self-compacting concrete:a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • P. Manivel,
  • R. Vidjeapriya

摘要

The role of the agricultural and industrial sector in human and economic development cannot be overemphasized. Interestingly, almost all agricultural and industrial activities generate by-products in large quantities in many countries. These by-products are usually used as landfill, and burning of these by-products causes environmental pollution. To reduce the environmental impact, eco-friendly concrete is developed using industrial and agricultural by-products. In concrete, fine and coarse aggregates act as filler materials, and cement, together with water, create the binding phase for the hydration reaction. But the usage of cement increases the environmental footprint, contributing roughly 8–10% to Global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The environmental impact can be partially mitigated by incorporating these agricultural and industrial wastes as partial cement substitutes, thereby reducing CO2 emissions, minimizing air pollution, and conserving non-renewable resources. The replacement of 30–50% of ordinary Portland cement with SCMs reduces 25–45% of CO2 gas in the cradle-to-gate process. Fly ash and GGBS are commonly used SCMs in concrete, but newer materials are now being explored to make construction more sustainable. Agricultural wastes such as SCBA, RHA, and POFA, along with industrial by-products like FA and GGBS, are employed as partial cement replacements to mitigate environmental pollution, reduce CO₂ emissions, enhanced durability and long-term strength due to their pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactivity, which promotes the formation of additional C–S–H gel. Additionally, metakaolin (MK) improves mechanical properties, while nano-materials (NS and NMK) contribute to microstructural refinement and accelerated early-age strength. This study explores the influence of incorporating agricultural and industrial by-products into self-compacting concrete, focusing on their impact on the material’s fresh properties, hardened properties, and microstructural behaviour. The benefits of using the by-products in the production process give a more sustainable and environmentally friendly SCC.