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<p>The present study provides a simplified approach for the structural as well as geotechnical analysis of a cantilever retaining wall with pressure relief shelves, which involves (i) simplifying and assigning overburden pressure as well as external earth pressure force on the stem of the wall as per Rankine’s earth pressure theory and (ii) suggesting an approach for the calculation of shear force and bending moment in the stem as well as base of the cantilever retaining wall for both without and with pressure relief shelves. A comparative study of shear force (SFD) and bending moment (BMD) diagrams obtained for a cantilever retaining wall with and without relief shelves clearly demonstrated that the provision of relief shelves changes the SFD and BMD, both in terms of (reduced) magnitude and (changed) pattern. At some locations, even a reversal of stresses is noted due to changes in the direction of shear force and bending moment. Such a reversal of stresses becomes critical in the structural design and provision of reinforcement in the reinforced cement concrete (RCC) cantilever wall. Additionally, the stability of the structure is assessed both in terms of the factor of safety as well as in a probabilistic framework through reliability analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM), in combination with Finite Element Numerical Analysis (FENA) and First Order Reliability Method (FORM), is used to simplify the reliability analysis of the structure and to demonstrate how reliability analysis brings rationality in decision making. Quantitatively, with the provision of relief shelves, the global factor of safety increased from 1.26 to 1.33; total deformation reduced from 113.47 to 98.60&#xa0;mm; maximum base pressure reduced from 163.40 to 94.59 kN/m<sup>2</sup>, indicating improved pressure distribution; resultant horizontal load reduced from 102.14 kN to − 14.34 kN. Results of the reliability analysis clearly indicated that, in spite of achieving the required factor of safety of 1.33, under a given environment of uncertainty in the input parameters, the achieved reliability index is only 1.84, which shows below-average performance. Achieving a higher reliability index of 3.0–5.0 may require redesigning the system with a targeted factor of safety of 1.55–1.90.</p>

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A simplified approach for the analysis of cantilever retaining wall with pressure relief shelves and its reliability-based performance assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Khushboo Uniyal,
  • Amit Srivastava,
  • Nikhil Garg

摘要

The present study provides a simplified approach for the structural as well as geotechnical analysis of a cantilever retaining wall with pressure relief shelves, which involves (i) simplifying and assigning overburden pressure as well as external earth pressure force on the stem of the wall as per Rankine’s earth pressure theory and (ii) suggesting an approach for the calculation of shear force and bending moment in the stem as well as base of the cantilever retaining wall for both without and with pressure relief shelves. A comparative study of shear force (SFD) and bending moment (BMD) diagrams obtained for a cantilever retaining wall with and without relief shelves clearly demonstrated that the provision of relief shelves changes the SFD and BMD, both in terms of (reduced) magnitude and (changed) pattern. At some locations, even a reversal of stresses is noted due to changes in the direction of shear force and bending moment. Such a reversal of stresses becomes critical in the structural design and provision of reinforcement in the reinforced cement concrete (RCC) cantilever wall. Additionally, the stability of the structure is assessed both in terms of the factor of safety as well as in a probabilistic framework through reliability analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM), in combination with Finite Element Numerical Analysis (FENA) and First Order Reliability Method (FORM), is used to simplify the reliability analysis of the structure and to demonstrate how reliability analysis brings rationality in decision making. Quantitatively, with the provision of relief shelves, the global factor of safety increased from 1.26 to 1.33; total deformation reduced from 113.47 to 98.60 mm; maximum base pressure reduced from 163.40 to 94.59 kN/m2, indicating improved pressure distribution; resultant horizontal load reduced from 102.14 kN to − 14.34 kN. Results of the reliability analysis clearly indicated that, in spite of achieving the required factor of safety of 1.33, under a given environment of uncertainty in the input parameters, the achieved reliability index is only 1.84, which shows below-average performance. Achieving a higher reliability index of 3.0–5.0 may require redesigning the system with a targeted factor of safety of 1.55–1.90.