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<p>Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) have garnered significant research interest due to their superior ductility and tensile strain capacity. Addressing global sustainability trends and the need for economic alternatives to costly and depleting river silica sand, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing locally available Libyan sands (sea, coastal, and desert) in SHCC production, thereby reducing costs and supporting the local economy. The experimental methodology involved testing nine distinct SHCC mixtures, combining three sand types with three specific gradations (&gt; 250&#xa0;µm, 150–250&#xa0;µm, and &lt; 150&#xa0;µm). Characterization included flowability, compressive strength, flexural properties, and an economic and environmental assessment. The results revealed that the flowability of SHCC mixtures improves with larger sand particle sizes, with coastal and desert sands outperforming sea sand. A consistent inverse relationship was found between sand particle size and compressive strength, with values ranging from 35.32 to 49.72&#xa0;MPa. Sea sand mixtures achieved the highest strength values. SHCC demonstrated excellent ductility and strain-hardening behavior, with a trade-off between crack strength and overall performance, emphasizing the need for careful sand selection. Smaller sand particles increased deflection capacity, particularly in coastal and desert sands, which achieved a maximum deflection of 2.01&#xa0;mm. The optimal mixture, using intermediate-graded coastal sand, exhibited a high crack density (18 cracks) and a minimal average crack width of 44.46&#xa0;μm. Additionally, using local sands significantly enhances the sustainability and economic viability of SHCC, achieving an approximate 48% cost reduction and a 21% reduction in embodied energy compared to conventional mixes.</p>

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Sand source and gradation effects on strain-hardening cementitious composites ductility and sustainability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Nurdeen M. Altwair,
  • Youssef M. Abu Hajar,
  • Khalid A. Swalem,
  • Monira K. Alagily,
  • Mustafa M. Al-Tayeb,
  • Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya

摘要

Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) have garnered significant research interest due to their superior ductility and tensile strain capacity. Addressing global sustainability trends and the need for economic alternatives to costly and depleting river silica sand, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing locally available Libyan sands (sea, coastal, and desert) in SHCC production, thereby reducing costs and supporting the local economy. The experimental methodology involved testing nine distinct SHCC mixtures, combining three sand types with three specific gradations (> 250 µm, 150–250 µm, and < 150 µm). Characterization included flowability, compressive strength, flexural properties, and an economic and environmental assessment. The results revealed that the flowability of SHCC mixtures improves with larger sand particle sizes, with coastal and desert sands outperforming sea sand. A consistent inverse relationship was found between sand particle size and compressive strength, with values ranging from 35.32 to 49.72 MPa. Sea sand mixtures achieved the highest strength values. SHCC demonstrated excellent ductility and strain-hardening behavior, with a trade-off between crack strength and overall performance, emphasizing the need for careful sand selection. Smaller sand particles increased deflection capacity, particularly in coastal and desert sands, which achieved a maximum deflection of 2.01 mm. The optimal mixture, using intermediate-graded coastal sand, exhibited a high crack density (18 cracks) and a minimal average crack width of 44.46 μm. Additionally, using local sands significantly enhances the sustainability and economic viability of SHCC, achieving an approximate 48% cost reduction and a 21% reduction in embodied energy compared to conventional mixes.