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<p>Soil liquefaction is a crucial geohazard that poses serious threats to civil infrastructure, especially in seismically active areas with saturated granular soils. This study examines at the liquefaction potential of loose sandy soils obtained from the Ponnai River, which is in seismic zone 3 (zone factor Z = 0.16&#xa0;g) near Thiruvalam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Basic geotechnical parameters, such as specific gravity, relative density, and particle size distribution, were measured and compared to dynamic responses through Consolidated Undrained (CU) cyclic triaxial test. Test were performed under controlled settings with a strain amplitude of 0.75&#xa0;mm, loading frequency of 1 H<sub>z</sub>, and confining pressure of 100&#xa0;kPa to imitate earthquake loading. The key performance metrics such as axial strain buildup, excess pore pressure development, deviator stress behaviour, and number of cycles to liquefaction were examined. The results demonstrate that relative density has a considerable influence on liquefaction resistance: Denser samples had better stress–strain response and slower pore pressure rise, while loose samples liquefied in fewer cycles. Particle size distribution characteristics, specifically mean particle size (D<sub>50</sub>) and coefficient of uniformity (C<sub>u</sub>), showed a clear inverse association with liquefaction susceptibility. Coarser, well-graded soils resisted more cycles, while poorly graded fine sands were more susceptible. The study found that frequently observed geotechnical parameters can be useful indicators for preliminary liquefaction assessment and regional hazard assessment. A comparison with previously published Indian sandy soil research confirms cyclic triaxial testing as a valid approach for assessing liquefaction behaviour in seismic locations.</p>

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Preliminary liquefaction assessment of loose Ponnai River sand: comparative and correlative analysis of triaxial testing and geotechnical properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Vijayakumar Sreelatha Vyshnavi,
  • Joseph Antony Visuvasam

摘要

Soil liquefaction is a crucial geohazard that poses serious threats to civil infrastructure, especially in seismically active areas with saturated granular soils. This study examines at the liquefaction potential of loose sandy soils obtained from the Ponnai River, which is in seismic zone 3 (zone factor Z = 0.16 g) near Thiruvalam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Basic geotechnical parameters, such as specific gravity, relative density, and particle size distribution, were measured and compared to dynamic responses through Consolidated Undrained (CU) cyclic triaxial test. Test were performed under controlled settings with a strain amplitude of 0.75 mm, loading frequency of 1 Hz, and confining pressure of 100 kPa to imitate earthquake loading. The key performance metrics such as axial strain buildup, excess pore pressure development, deviator stress behaviour, and number of cycles to liquefaction were examined. The results demonstrate that relative density has a considerable influence on liquefaction resistance: Denser samples had better stress–strain response and slower pore pressure rise, while loose samples liquefied in fewer cycles. Particle size distribution characteristics, specifically mean particle size (D50) and coefficient of uniformity (Cu), showed a clear inverse association with liquefaction susceptibility. Coarser, well-graded soils resisted more cycles, while poorly graded fine sands were more susceptible. The study found that frequently observed geotechnical parameters can be useful indicators for preliminary liquefaction assessment and regional hazard assessment. A comparison with previously published Indian sandy soil research confirms cyclic triaxial testing as a valid approach for assessing liquefaction behaviour in seismic locations.