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<p>Expansive clay soils are well known for creating serious challenges in civil engineering projects, particularly in dry and semi-dry regions where construction activities are increasing but good quality materials are limited. These soils expand and shrink with changes in moisture, causing cracks, loss of strength, and long-term damage to structures. Conventional stabilization methods are mostly based on trial and error, which are time-consuming and increase project costs. To overcome this issue, a study was carried out on expansive clay from El Harrouche, Skikda (Algeria) using locally available hydrated lime. The study aimed to enhance the soil’s engineering properties while identifying optimal stabilization conditions through a structured statistical method. Lime proportions ranging from 0% to 8%, along with curing durations of 1&#xa0;hour, 7, 14, and 28 days, were evaluated using a Box–Behnken experimental framework within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Key engineering parameters such as maximum dry density (MDD), compression index (C<sub>c</sub>), swelling index (C<sub>s</sub>), and internal friction angle (φ) were analyzed and modeled. Results indicated that adding lime significantly reduced soil plasticity, swelling, and compressibility, while enhancing shear strength characteristics. Best performance was found around 6% lime content with 28 days of curing, where strong pozzolanic reactions developed stable cementitious bonds. Statistical analysis through ANOVA showed good reliability, with R<sup>2</sup> values above 0.81 for all measured responses. The developed regression models demonstrated good predictive capability for estimating soil behavior under varying lime content and curing conditions. This study highlights that RSM-based optimization provides a practical, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method for improving expansive clay soils and can serve as a reliable decision-support tool for optimizing lime stabilization in expansive soils for infrastructure applications.</p>

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Predictive analysis of lime content and curing time effects on expansive clay behavior using response surface methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Hanane Dob,
  • Messaouda Bencheikh,
  • S. M. Anas,
  • Ghania Boukhatem,
  • Yasmina Biskri,
  • Redjem Belouettar,
  • Mohammed Benzerara

摘要

Expansive clay soils are well known for creating serious challenges in civil engineering projects, particularly in dry and semi-dry regions where construction activities are increasing but good quality materials are limited. These soils expand and shrink with changes in moisture, causing cracks, loss of strength, and long-term damage to structures. Conventional stabilization methods are mostly based on trial and error, which are time-consuming and increase project costs. To overcome this issue, a study was carried out on expansive clay from El Harrouche, Skikda (Algeria) using locally available hydrated lime. The study aimed to enhance the soil’s engineering properties while identifying optimal stabilization conditions through a structured statistical method. Lime proportions ranging from 0% to 8%, along with curing durations of 1 hour, 7, 14, and 28 days, were evaluated using a Box–Behnken experimental framework within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Key engineering parameters such as maximum dry density (MDD), compression index (Cc), swelling index (Cs), and internal friction angle (φ) were analyzed and modeled. Results indicated that adding lime significantly reduced soil plasticity, swelling, and compressibility, while enhancing shear strength characteristics. Best performance was found around 6% lime content with 28 days of curing, where strong pozzolanic reactions developed stable cementitious bonds. Statistical analysis through ANOVA showed good reliability, with R2 values above 0.81 for all measured responses. The developed regression models demonstrated good predictive capability for estimating soil behavior under varying lime content and curing conditions. This study highlights that RSM-based optimization provides a practical, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method for improving expansive clay soils and can serve as a reliable decision-support tool for optimizing lime stabilization in expansive soils for infrastructure applications.