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<p>Accounting for the interplay among tectonics, climate, and lithology is fundamental to understanding landscape evolution in the Himalayan foreland. This study presents an integrated multi-index and multi-resolution tectono-geomorphic assessment of the transboundary Rapti River Basin using ALOS PALSAR (12.5&#xa0;m), SRTM (30&#xa0;m), and SRTM (90&#xa0;m) digital elevation models (DEMs). Spatial variations in incision, slope adjustment, and relief were quantified through combined analysis of the Hypsometric Integral (Hi), Stream Length–Gradient (SL) index, normalized channel steepness (ksn), χ-analysis, and swath profiles. Hi values range from ~ 0.18 in the lower alluvial plains to ~ 0.49 in the upper Himalayan segment, indicating a transition from mature depositional landscapes to actively incising terrain. SL and ksn metrics identify pronounced steepness anomalies and knickzones concentrated near the Lesser Himalayan–Siwalik transition, while χ–elevation relationships reveal transient channel segments characterized by upstream convexities and downstream profile flattening toward the Gangetic foreland. Swath profiles demonstrate systematic downstream relief decay exceeding 1500&#xa0;m. Explicit cross-resolution comparison demonstrates that although first-order morphotectonic patterns remain consistent, index magnitude and anomaly sharpness vary with DEM scale, highlighting the importance of resolution selection in tectono-geomorphic interpretation. By integrating complementary geomorphic indices across multiple resolutions, this framework advances beyond conventional single-index approaches and provides a robust, transferable methodology for morphotectonic analysis, DEM selection, and geomorphic hazard assessment in foreland river basins.</p>

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Integrated multi-index tectono-geomorphic analysis of the transboundary Rapti River Basin using multi-resolution DEMs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Ankur Kumar,
  • Govind Pandey,
  • Ravindra Vitthal Kale

摘要

Accounting for the interplay among tectonics, climate, and lithology is fundamental to understanding landscape evolution in the Himalayan foreland. This study presents an integrated multi-index and multi-resolution tectono-geomorphic assessment of the transboundary Rapti River Basin using ALOS PALSAR (12.5 m), SRTM (30 m), and SRTM (90 m) digital elevation models (DEMs). Spatial variations in incision, slope adjustment, and relief were quantified through combined analysis of the Hypsometric Integral (Hi), Stream Length–Gradient (SL) index, normalized channel steepness (ksn), χ-analysis, and swath profiles. Hi values range from ~ 0.18 in the lower alluvial plains to ~ 0.49 in the upper Himalayan segment, indicating a transition from mature depositional landscapes to actively incising terrain. SL and ksn metrics identify pronounced steepness anomalies and knickzones concentrated near the Lesser Himalayan–Siwalik transition, while χ–elevation relationships reveal transient channel segments characterized by upstream convexities and downstream profile flattening toward the Gangetic foreland. Swath profiles demonstrate systematic downstream relief decay exceeding 1500 m. Explicit cross-resolution comparison demonstrates that although first-order morphotectonic patterns remain consistent, index magnitude and anomaly sharpness vary with DEM scale, highlighting the importance of resolution selection in tectono-geomorphic interpretation. By integrating complementary geomorphic indices across multiple resolutions, this framework advances beyond conventional single-index approaches and provides a robust, transferable methodology for morphotectonic analysis, DEM selection, and geomorphic hazard assessment in foreland river basins.