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<p>The rapid surge in e-commerce transactions in India has substantially increased last-mile delivery (LMD) volumes for Business-to-Consumer (B2C) freight. To align with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11, assessing sustainable LMD modes in the Indian context is critical. This study develops a multi-criteria decision-making model to identify sustainable LMD modes in large, medium and small sized Indian cities. Data was collected via questionnaire surveys from 25, 20 and 8 Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) establishment supervisors in large (Bengaluru), medium (Guwahati), and small (Silchar) cities, respectively. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) were employed to prioritize criteria and rank alternatives. Results indicate that initial investment cost is the most critical criterion, reflecting the cost-sensitive nature of the Indian market. Statistical validation using Kendall’s coefficient (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(W=0.6\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), Friedman test, coefficient of variation (CV) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) confirmed strong expert consensus. The analysis identifies ‘Delivery at non-peak hours using E-cargo bikes’ as the sustainable mode for large and medium cities, while ‘E-cargo bikes’ alone are most suitable for small cities. One-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis demonstrated high rank stability across 120 perturbation scenarios (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pm 10-20\%\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). Policy roadmap for sustainable LMD was proposed which can provide inputs to the CEP companies and local government bodies to bring in sustainable changes in the last mile delivery options.</p>

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Determining sustainable last mile delivery mode from courier express & parcel establishments using Fuzzy-AHP and Fuzzy-TOPSIS: a case study of large, medium & small-sized Indian cities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Momi Deb,
  • Suprava Jena,
  • Subhadip Biswas

摘要

The rapid surge in e-commerce transactions in India has substantially increased last-mile delivery (LMD) volumes for Business-to-Consumer (B2C) freight. To align with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11, assessing sustainable LMD modes in the Indian context is critical. This study develops a multi-criteria decision-making model to identify sustainable LMD modes in large, medium and small sized Indian cities. Data was collected via questionnaire surveys from 25, 20 and 8 Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) establishment supervisors in large (Bengaluru), medium (Guwahati), and small (Silchar) cities, respectively. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) were employed to prioritize criteria and rank alternatives. Results indicate that initial investment cost is the most critical criterion, reflecting the cost-sensitive nature of the Indian market. Statistical validation using Kendall’s coefficient ( \(W=0.6\) ), Friedman test, coefficient of variation (CV) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) confirmed strong expert consensus. The analysis identifies ‘Delivery at non-peak hours using E-cargo bikes’ as the sustainable mode for large and medium cities, while ‘E-cargo bikes’ alone are most suitable for small cities. One-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis demonstrated high rank stability across 120 perturbation scenarios ( \(\pm 10-20\%\) ). Policy roadmap for sustainable LMD was proposed which can provide inputs to the CEP companies and local government bodies to bring in sustainable changes in the last mile delivery options.