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<p>Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), a vital part of concrete, accounts for more than 8% of global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, underscoring the need for more sustainable, high-strength concrete. This study aims to develop an eco-efficient M70-grade concrete by partially replacing OPC with 20% Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and 10% Ultrafine GGBS (UGGBS), and by incorporating very low dosages of Graphene Oxide (GO) in the range of 0.01–0.09% by binder mass. A systematic experimental programme was conducted on these mixes, including tests of compressive strength, porosity, and durability, supported by microstructural characterisation to elucidate the mechanisms of hydration, particle packing, and matrix densification. The ternary GO–GGBS–UGGBS system markedly improved compressive strength, reduced porosity and refined the microstructure relative to OPC control, while simultaneously lowering clinker content. An optimal GO dosage of approximately 0.05% was identified; beyond this, agglomeration and loss of workability led to reduced strength and less favourable microstructures, indicating that excessive GO can hinder dispersion and hydration. In contrast to previous studies that considered GO, GGBS, and UGGBS separately, the novelty of this work demonstrates their collegial action within a single high-strength concrete system and quantifies the benefits across early and later ages. The results show that a properly proportioned GO-modified ternary binder can deliver enhanced performance, durability and service life with a reduced cement footprint, providing a practical pathway towards more sustainable structural concrete. The study highlights that the adoption of eco-friendly construction materials remains limited due to significant challenges, including higher initial costs of GO production, practical or logistical constraints, and GO dispersion. By systematically identifying and analysing these key barriers, the research provides clear, practice-oriented insights to support wider use of sustainable materials and to promote greener building practices.</p>

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Strength and durability performance of high-strength concrete incorporating nano-modified graphene oxide materials and ultrafine GGBS from industrial waste sources

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • A. Balkis,
  • B. S. Shashank,
  • Ana Blanco,
  • Rajesh Goyal

摘要

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), a vital part of concrete, accounts for more than 8% of global CO2 emissions, underscoring the need for more sustainable, high-strength concrete. This study aims to develop an eco-efficient M70-grade concrete by partially replacing OPC with 20% Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and 10% Ultrafine GGBS (UGGBS), and by incorporating very low dosages of Graphene Oxide (GO) in the range of 0.01–0.09% by binder mass. A systematic experimental programme was conducted on these mixes, including tests of compressive strength, porosity, and durability, supported by microstructural characterisation to elucidate the mechanisms of hydration, particle packing, and matrix densification. The ternary GO–GGBS–UGGBS system markedly improved compressive strength, reduced porosity and refined the microstructure relative to OPC control, while simultaneously lowering clinker content. An optimal GO dosage of approximately 0.05% was identified; beyond this, agglomeration and loss of workability led to reduced strength and less favourable microstructures, indicating that excessive GO can hinder dispersion and hydration. In contrast to previous studies that considered GO, GGBS, and UGGBS separately, the novelty of this work demonstrates their collegial action within a single high-strength concrete system and quantifies the benefits across early and later ages. The results show that a properly proportioned GO-modified ternary binder can deliver enhanced performance, durability and service life with a reduced cement footprint, providing a practical pathway towards more sustainable structural concrete. The study highlights that the adoption of eco-friendly construction materials remains limited due to significant challenges, including higher initial costs of GO production, practical or logistical constraints, and GO dispersion. By systematically identifying and analysing these key barriers, the research provides clear, practice-oriented insights to support wider use of sustainable materials and to promote greener building practices.