Real-time strength monitoring of ternary blended grout mortar using maturity method of strength prediction via internet of things (IoT)
摘要
Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) are progressively utilized in the construction industry to oversee the curing process of cementitious materials. In ternary binder systems like fast-setting grout mortars, which consist of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC), and anhydrite gypsum, real-time strength monitoring is essential for guaranteeing early usability and performance dependability. This study presents a non-destructive IoT-integrated methodology for forecasting the compressive strength progression of ternary grout mortars under diverse ambient (5–35 °C) and water temperature conditions (15–35 °C). Prismatic specimens (40 × 40 × 160 mm) were equipped with SmartRock2 IoT sensors to continually monitor internal temperature data at one-minute intervals. Compressive strength assessments were performed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, as well as after 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. The temperature-time data were analyzed using the Nurse–Saul equation, and calibration curves were generated from the Plowman model for each curing regime. The findings indicated that specimens attained 15 MPa in 60 min at 25 °C, whereas the equivalent strength necessitated 24 h at 5 °C. Regression analysis demonstrated a strong correlation (R2 > 0.97) between observed and expected strengths, with an average prediction error of less than ± 8%. Microstructural investigations (XRD and FTIR) validated that the swift depletion of anhydrite and the development of ettringite and C–S–H phases aligned with strength progression based on maturity. The suggested IoT-enabled maturity method provides a dependable, real-time, and non-destructive technique for predicting the strength of fast-setting ternary grout mortars, offering engineers quantitative insights for evaluating early-age performance.