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<p>The degradation of bolted-joint integrity caused by loosening poses a significant reliability concern in mechanical assemblies, resulting in reduced clamping force and a higher risk of fatigue-related failures. This study develops a novel non-destructive evaluation technique that uses vibration energy-dissipation characteristics to assess bolt-preload conditions in sealed structural systems. The methodology employs externally applied transient-impact excitation together with advanced signal processing to quantify energy-attenuation trends associated with progressive fastener loosening. Through combined numerical simulations and experimental testing, the study establishes a direct relationship between measurable energy-based indicators and the degree of preload reduction. The proposed approach offers several operational advantages over existing methods: (1) it provides lower operational cost and reduced signal attenuation compared with ultrasonic techniques, while extending the monitoring range and coverage area; (2) it enhances spatial-monitoring capability without requiring structural disassembly; and (3) it can be seamlessly integrated into automated condition-monitoring platforms. Particularly suitable for confined operational environments where conventional inspection methods are impractical, this vibration-based diagnostic strategy exhibits high sensitivity to early-stage loosening. Experimental validation confirms the method’s effectiveness, demonstrating strong potential for industrial deployment in infrastructure monitoring and civil-engineering maintenance applications.</p>

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A vibration energy approach for Bolt loosening assessment in sealed structures under transient excitations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Xingjun Wang,
  • Wei Wang

摘要

The degradation of bolted-joint integrity caused by loosening poses a significant reliability concern in mechanical assemblies, resulting in reduced clamping force and a higher risk of fatigue-related failures. This study develops a novel non-destructive evaluation technique that uses vibration energy-dissipation characteristics to assess bolt-preload conditions in sealed structural systems. The methodology employs externally applied transient-impact excitation together with advanced signal processing to quantify energy-attenuation trends associated with progressive fastener loosening. Through combined numerical simulations and experimental testing, the study establishes a direct relationship between measurable energy-based indicators and the degree of preload reduction. The proposed approach offers several operational advantages over existing methods: (1) it provides lower operational cost and reduced signal attenuation compared with ultrasonic techniques, while extending the monitoring range and coverage area; (2) it enhances spatial-monitoring capability without requiring structural disassembly; and (3) it can be seamlessly integrated into automated condition-monitoring platforms. Particularly suitable for confined operational environments where conventional inspection methods are impractical, this vibration-based diagnostic strategy exhibits high sensitivity to early-stage loosening. Experimental validation confirms the method’s effectiveness, demonstrating strong potential for industrial deployment in infrastructure monitoring and civil-engineering maintenance applications.