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<p>The increase in the number of aged and deteriorated concrete elements needs to discover innovative sustainable cementitious based materials for retrofitting purposes. The main aim of this research is to optimize the performance and sustainability of self-compacting mortars SC-Ms containing waste brick WB and Cement Kiln Dust CKD powders at various levels of cement replacement. Three different input parameters (type of waste) with four levels of (10, 20, 30 and 40% individually and in combination with equal quantities up to 40%) were nominated as independent variables. Consequently, twelve SC-Ms along with one reference self-compacting mortar were prepared. Six multi-responses (tests performed), cost and amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emission were utilized as dependent variables for the purpose of implementing multi-objective optimization process. The performance of the produced mortars was evaluated in terms of various properties: mini slump flow and initial setting time (in the fresh state) and compressive strength, flexural strengths, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity UPV, porosity and absorption (in the hardened state). According to experimental results, the use of WB, CKD and the combination between them has no clear effect on the mini flow diameter of the mortars whatever the level of replacement except for 30% and 40% CKD. In contrast, they significantly changed the initial setting time of the mortars. For hardened properties, the compressive and flexural strengths, UPV increased slightly up to 20% cement replacement level with less porosity and absorption. Based on the optimization results, it can be deduced that the use of 20% and 24.6% of WB and CKD powders respectively can provide best overall performance with less cost ($18.75, per producing of 1 m<sup>3</sup>) and less CO<sub>2</sub> emission (183&#xa0;kg for each m<sup>3</sup>).</p>

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Optimization of waste brick and CKD powders as partial replacement of cement for sustainable self-compacting mortars SC-Ms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Mahmoud Khashaa Mohammed,
  • Saif Saad Mansoor,
  • Abdulrahman S. Mohammed

摘要

The increase in the number of aged and deteriorated concrete elements needs to discover innovative sustainable cementitious based materials for retrofitting purposes. The main aim of this research is to optimize the performance and sustainability of self-compacting mortars SC-Ms containing waste brick WB and Cement Kiln Dust CKD powders at various levels of cement replacement. Three different input parameters (type of waste) with four levels of (10, 20, 30 and 40% individually and in combination with equal quantities up to 40%) were nominated as independent variables. Consequently, twelve SC-Ms along with one reference self-compacting mortar were prepared. Six multi-responses (tests performed), cost and amount of CO2 emission were utilized as dependent variables for the purpose of implementing multi-objective optimization process. The performance of the produced mortars was evaluated in terms of various properties: mini slump flow and initial setting time (in the fresh state) and compressive strength, flexural strengths, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity UPV, porosity and absorption (in the hardened state). According to experimental results, the use of WB, CKD and the combination between them has no clear effect on the mini flow diameter of the mortars whatever the level of replacement except for 30% and 40% CKD. In contrast, they significantly changed the initial setting time of the mortars. For hardened properties, the compressive and flexural strengths, UPV increased slightly up to 20% cement replacement level with less porosity and absorption. Based on the optimization results, it can be deduced that the use of 20% and 24.6% of WB and CKD powders respectively can provide best overall performance with less cost ($18.75, per producing of 1 m3) and less CO2 emission (183 kg for each m3).