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<p>Coal bottom ash (BA) concrete has emerged as a sustainable material with strong potential for structural applications. This study advances BA concrete by incorporating steel fibers (SF) and graphene plates (GP) in a hybrid system, leveraging their synergistic effects to enhance strength, toughness, and overall post-cracking behavior. In the mix design, BA replaced 10% of cement and 50% of fine aggregate in all mixtures, while 0.5% GP (by cement weight) and varying SF contents (0–1% by volume) were further incorporated to produce advanced BA concrete. The investigation focused on compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS), along with post-cracking properties including toughness indices (I<sub>5</sub>, I<sub>10</sub>) and residual strength, evaluated through experimental and numerical approaches. The control BA mix reached 51.2 MPa CS and 6.3 MPa FS after 28 days, failing in a brittle manner with no residual strength after cracking. In contrast, the advanced mix achieved 62.1 MPa CS and 11.2 MPa FS, reflecting 21% and 78% improvements, respectively. Toughness indices I<sub>5</sub> and I<sub>10</sub> rose to 5.4 and 8.5, about five and eight times greater than the control. Energy absorption at first crack increased by 320%, while residual strength reached 6.45 MPa at span/150, highlighting superior load-carrying capacity. These results reveal that the combined use of SF and GP significantly enhances the performance of BA concrete, making it suitable for applications requiring high fracture resistance such as blast-resistant structures. Further research is also encouraged to develop cost-effective GP production and sourcing methods to enable scalability for real-world applications.</p>

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Boosting flexural toughness of bottom ash concrete through the integration of graphene plates and steel fibers: experimental and theoretical modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • Fahed Alrshoudi

摘要

Coal bottom ash (BA) concrete has emerged as a sustainable material with strong potential for structural applications. This study advances BA concrete by incorporating steel fibers (SF) and graphene plates (GP) in a hybrid system, leveraging their synergistic effects to enhance strength, toughness, and overall post-cracking behavior. In the mix design, BA replaced 10% of cement and 50% of fine aggregate in all mixtures, while 0.5% GP (by cement weight) and varying SF contents (0–1% by volume) were further incorporated to produce advanced BA concrete. The investigation focused on compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS), along with post-cracking properties including toughness indices (I5, I10) and residual strength, evaluated through experimental and numerical approaches. The control BA mix reached 51.2 MPa CS and 6.3 MPa FS after 28 days, failing in a brittle manner with no residual strength after cracking. In contrast, the advanced mix achieved 62.1 MPa CS and 11.2 MPa FS, reflecting 21% and 78% improvements, respectively. Toughness indices I5 and I10 rose to 5.4 and 8.5, about five and eight times greater than the control. Energy absorption at first crack increased by 320%, while residual strength reached 6.45 MPa at span/150, highlighting superior load-carrying capacity. These results reveal that the combined use of SF and GP significantly enhances the performance of BA concrete, making it suitable for applications requiring high fracture resistance such as blast-resistant structures. Further research is also encouraged to develop cost-effective GP production and sourcing methods to enable scalability for real-world applications.