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<p>One of the most used materials for construction is concrete, with global production exceeding two billion tons annually. The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) consumes huge amount of energy and releases enormous amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>; hence, its widespread usage harms the environment. One of the promising solutions of this problem is using natural pozzolans as a partial replacement for cement to reduce the environmental impact of the huge amount of cement produced annually. This study investigates using natural pozzolans such as kaolin, bentonite, and glauconite ores as sustainable cement substitutes to solve these environmental issues. The present study investigates the effect of high temperatures on the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete formulated with the addition of kaolin, bentonite, and glauconite at a 20% replacement ratio with cement. These raw materials were added both in their normal state and after their thermal treatment at 600&#xa0;°C. Five groups were cast with the addition of different materials for carrying out the compressive strength on concrete cubes exposed to varying temperatures (0,250, 300, 350, and 400&#xa0;°C). The thermally treated cubes were then exposed to normal air cooling before carrying out the compressive strength test. The impact of these materials on physical and mechanical properties was characterized using XRD and SEM–EDX. The results obtained illustrate that using pozzolanic materials improves the durability and strength of the concrete, especially when thermally treated. Investigations showed that samples containing these components exceeded the control mix regarding fire endurance. The highest percentage improvement in compressive strength compared to the control mix was recorded at temperatures of 250&#xa0;°C and 300&#xa0;°C, with increases of 42.5% and 42.7%, respectively, for mix code B600. At temperatures of 350&#xa0;°C and 400&#xa0;°C, the improvements were recorded at 52.9% and 17.6%, respectively, for mix code G 600. The mechanical behavior of the concrete containing bentonite recorded better compressive strength in comparison to that of the control mix at normal and elevated temperatures. Additionally, these materials may be utilized as a partial replacement for cement in concrete while preserving or improving mechanical performance at high temperatures and hence reducing the negative impact of the cement industry on the environment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Improved mechanical properties of concrete mix at high temperatures based on the addition of kaolin, bentonite and glauconite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月13日

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  • Gamal S. Abdelhaffez,
  • Amr B. ElDeeb,
  • Mohamed M. Badawy,
  • Salah A. Salman,
  • Hussein A. Saleem,
  • Haitham M. Ahmed,
  • Azza I. Anan

摘要

One of the most used materials for construction is concrete, with global production exceeding two billion tons annually. The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) consumes huge amount of energy and releases enormous amounts of CO2; hence, its widespread usage harms the environment. One of the promising solutions of this problem is using natural pozzolans as a partial replacement for cement to reduce the environmental impact of the huge amount of cement produced annually. This study investigates using natural pozzolans such as kaolin, bentonite, and glauconite ores as sustainable cement substitutes to solve these environmental issues. The present study investigates the effect of high temperatures on the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete formulated with the addition of kaolin, bentonite, and glauconite at a 20% replacement ratio with cement. These raw materials were added both in their normal state and after their thermal treatment at 600 °C. Five groups were cast with the addition of different materials for carrying out the compressive strength on concrete cubes exposed to varying temperatures (0,250, 300, 350, and 400 °C). The thermally treated cubes were then exposed to normal air cooling before carrying out the compressive strength test. The impact of these materials on physical and mechanical properties was characterized using XRD and SEM–EDX. The results obtained illustrate that using pozzolanic materials improves the durability and strength of the concrete, especially when thermally treated. Investigations showed that samples containing these components exceeded the control mix regarding fire endurance. The highest percentage improvement in compressive strength compared to the control mix was recorded at temperatures of 250 °C and 300 °C, with increases of 42.5% and 42.7%, respectively, for mix code B600. At temperatures of 350 °C and 400 °C, the improvements were recorded at 52.9% and 17.6%, respectively, for mix code G 600. The mechanical behavior of the concrete containing bentonite recorded better compressive strength in comparison to that of the control mix at normal and elevated temperatures. Additionally, these materials may be utilized as a partial replacement for cement in concrete while preserving or improving mechanical performance at high temperatures and hence reducing the negative impact of the cement industry on the environment.

Graphical Abstract