<p>Dynamic path planning is an essential and key challenge in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communications. The non-stationary behaviour of a wireless environment introduces numerous challenges in determining an optimal trajectory. In this work, the best route via the UAV relay is determined to address routing challenges while navigating through obstructions to provide maximum data rate. Cooperative communication is established between the source and the destination using intermediate UAVs based on swarm formation—agglomerated or scattered. The performance of the agglomerated and the scattered swarm are analysed. The best centroid is obtained using grey wolf optimization (GWO) for a single-relay path, whereas for a dual-relay path, optimum coordinates of UAV centroids are determined using hierarchical clustering. Finally at 40 dB, simulations demonstrate enhanced capacity by 4% and 43%, using GWO relay coordinates over single-relay PSO path and direct communication, respectively. Hierarchical clustering implemented in dual-relay path showcases a 48% and 5% increase in the instantaneous capacity over the direct and single-relay GWO routes, respectively. Furthermore, to achieve the outage probability (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41060_2024_707_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$P_{out}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">out</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41060_2024_707_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$10^{-1}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, it has been analysed that the direct route requires 15 dB more Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the hierarchical route. Additionally at 40 dB, hierarchical clustering improved bit error rate (BER) performance up to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41060_2024_707_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$5 \times 10^{-4}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in comparison to the BER of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41060_2024_707_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$3 \times 10^{-1}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> via direct route for single-input single-output (SISO) system. However, the BER performance of the considered system with multi-input single-output (MISO) at 40 dB is <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41060_2024_707_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$3 \times 10^{-6}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which outperforms the BER with direct route.</p>

Optimal and intelligent 3D positioning of relay in dynamic UAV network

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年1月17日

查看全文

Amrita Kaul,
Juhi Gupta

摘要

Dynamic path planning is an essential and key challenge in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communications. The non-stationary behaviour of a wireless environment introduces numerous challenges in determining an optimal trajectory. In this work, the best route via the UAV relay is determined to address routing challenges while navigating through obstructions to provide maximum data rate. Cooperative communication is established between the source and the destination using intermediate UAVs based on swarm formation—agglomerated or scattered. The performance of the agglomerated and the scattered swarm are analysed. The best centroid is obtained using grey wolf optimization (GWO) for a single-relay path, whereas for a dual-relay path, optimum coordinates of UAV centroids are determined using hierarchical clustering. Finally at 40 dB, simulations demonstrate enhanced capacity by 4% and 43%, using GWO relay coordinates over single-relay PSO path and direct communication, respectively. Hierarchical clustering implemented in dual-relay path showcases a 48% and 5% increase in the instantaneous capacity over the direct and single-relay GWO routes, respectively. Furthermore, to achieve the outage probability ( $P_{out}$ $P_{out}$ ) of $10^{-1}$ $10^{- 1}$ , it has been analysed that the direct route requires 15 dB more Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the hierarchical route. Additionally at 40 dB, hierarchical clustering improved bit error rate (BER) performance up to $5 \times 10^{-4}$ $5 \times 10^{- 4}$ in comparison to the BER of $3 \times 10^{-1}$ $3 \times 10^{- 1}$ via direct route for single-input single-output (SISO) system. However, the BER performance of the considered system with multi-input single-output (MISO) at 40 dB is $3 \times 10^{-6}$ $3 \times 10^{- 6}$ which outperforms the BER with direct route.