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<p>The Triumphal Arch of Caracalla in Volubilis, Morocco, is a major example of Roman architectural heritage. Over time, the monument has suffered significant degradation, including cracks and cavities in its stone blocks, threatening its structural stability. To support its conservation, this study proposes a three-stage approach. First, a global in situ diagnosis was conducted using non-destructive techniques (Schmidt rebound hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, UPV) to assess the mechanical properties of deteriorated stones. Second, mineralogical and microstructural analyses (X-ray diffraction, XRD; scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, SEM-EDS) were performed to compare the monument’s stones with those from nearby quarries, in order to identify compatible replacement materials. Finally, the durability of the selected stones was evaluated through accelerated aging tests, including salt crystallization (14% Na₂SO₄), thermal shock, and freeze–thaw cycles. The results provide a scientific basis for selecting restoration stones that ensure long-term durability and compatibility with the historic fabric, thereby reducing the frequency and cost of future interventions.</p>

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Stone characterization and durability assessment for the restoration of the Triumphal Arch at Volubilis, Morocco

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Mohamed Sekkaki,
  • Ali Chaaba,
  • Khalil Naciri,
  • Issam Aalil

摘要

The Triumphal Arch of Caracalla in Volubilis, Morocco, is a major example of Roman architectural heritage. Over time, the monument has suffered significant degradation, including cracks and cavities in its stone blocks, threatening its structural stability. To support its conservation, this study proposes a three-stage approach. First, a global in situ diagnosis was conducted using non-destructive techniques (Schmidt rebound hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, UPV) to assess the mechanical properties of deteriorated stones. Second, mineralogical and microstructural analyses (X-ray diffraction, XRD; scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, SEM-EDS) were performed to compare the monument’s stones with those from nearby quarries, in order to identify compatible replacement materials. Finally, the durability of the selected stones was evaluated through accelerated aging tests, including salt crystallization (14% Na₂SO₄), thermal shock, and freeze–thaw cycles. The results provide a scientific basis for selecting restoration stones that ensure long-term durability and compatibility with the historic fabric, thereby reducing the frequency and cost of future interventions.