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<p>Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play a vital role in enabling intelligent transportation systems; however, their high dynamic topology and limited resources are significant challenges to energy-efficient and secure communication. To address these issues, an energy-efficient and trust-aware clustering and routing framework, termed FCKOA-TA-AROA has been proposed and it employs Optimized Fuzzy C-Means (OFCM) clustering to form stable vehicle groups, while the Modified Kookaburra Optimization Algorithm (MKOA) selects optimal cluster heads based on energy and mobility characteristics. Secure and efficient routing is achieved using a Trust-Aware Aqua Raptor Optimization Algorithm (TA-AROA) by incorporating trust evaluation and energy-aware path selection. In addition, homomorphic encryption is utilized to protect trust-related information during data transmission. Simulation results indicate that the proposed framework substantially outperforms the existing routing schemes in terms of energy efficiency, security, and communication reliability by making it a promising solution for secure VANET communications. Specifically, the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance compared to the Graph-Based Trust-Enabled Routing (GBTR), Bionic Remora Optimization Algorithm (BROA), Adaptive Binary Bird Swarm Optimization integrated with Adaptive Golden Eagle Optimization (ABBSOA-AGEOA), and Falcon Optimization Algorithm-based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-based Routing (FOA-EECPCR). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method attains the throughput of 99 Kbps, packet delivery ratio of 88%, and energy consumption of 42&#xa0;J, outperforming all compared schemes across all key metrics.</p>

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Energy Efficient Trust-Aware Aqua Raptor Optimization Algorithm (TA-ARO) for Secure Routing in VANETs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • K. Satheshkumar,
  • S. Ramalingam,
  • A. Suresh Babu,
  • R. Sarojini

摘要

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) play a vital role in enabling intelligent transportation systems; however, their high dynamic topology and limited resources are significant challenges to energy-efficient and secure communication. To address these issues, an energy-efficient and trust-aware clustering and routing framework, termed FCKOA-TA-AROA has been proposed and it employs Optimized Fuzzy C-Means (OFCM) clustering to form stable vehicle groups, while the Modified Kookaburra Optimization Algorithm (MKOA) selects optimal cluster heads based on energy and mobility characteristics. Secure and efficient routing is achieved using a Trust-Aware Aqua Raptor Optimization Algorithm (TA-AROA) by incorporating trust evaluation and energy-aware path selection. In addition, homomorphic encryption is utilized to protect trust-related information during data transmission. Simulation results indicate that the proposed framework substantially outperforms the existing routing schemes in terms of energy efficiency, security, and communication reliability by making it a promising solution for secure VANET communications. Specifically, the proposed algorithm achieves superior performance compared to the Graph-Based Trust-Enabled Routing (GBTR), Bionic Remora Optimization Algorithm (BROA), Adaptive Binary Bird Swarm Optimization integrated with Adaptive Golden Eagle Optimization (ABBSOA-AGEOA), and Falcon Optimization Algorithm-based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-based Routing (FOA-EECPCR). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method attains the throughput of 99 Kbps, packet delivery ratio of 88%, and energy consumption of 42 J, outperforming all compared schemes across all key metrics.