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<p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained significant importance in a variety of applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation, where energy efficiency and network longevity are critical. This paper presents a novel hybrid routing protocol combining TEEN (Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Network) and GAF (Geographic Adaptive Fidelity) to enhance energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The proposed Hybrid TEEN-GAF Protocol integrates clustering and grid-based node management, effectively balancing load distribution and reducing redundant data transmissions. The protocol leverages adaptive thresholding to limit data reporting, saving energy while maintaining critical data delivery. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the Hybrid TEEN-GAF Protocol achieves an average energy consumption reduction of 35% compared to standalone TEEN and GAF protocols. The protocol’s packet delivery ratio (PDR) remains above 90%, showing high reliability in data transmission. Additionally, network lifetime is extended by up to 45%, proving the protocol’s effectiveness in energy-constrained environments. These improvements position the hybrid protocol as a robust solution for diverse WSN applications, including environmental monitoring and industrial automation.</p>

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Hybrid TEEN-GAF Protocol: Maximizing Energy Efficiency and Lifespan in Wireless Sensor Networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • R. Vinod Kumar,
  • Dhanalakshmi Gopal,
  • V. S. Nishok,
  • B. Senthilkumaran

摘要

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained significant importance in a variety of applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation, where energy efficiency and network longevity are critical. This paper presents a novel hybrid routing protocol combining TEEN (Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Network) and GAF (Geographic Adaptive Fidelity) to enhance energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The proposed Hybrid TEEN-GAF Protocol integrates clustering and grid-based node management, effectively balancing load distribution and reducing redundant data transmissions. The protocol leverages adaptive thresholding to limit data reporting, saving energy while maintaining critical data delivery. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the Hybrid TEEN-GAF Protocol achieves an average energy consumption reduction of 35% compared to standalone TEEN and GAF protocols. The protocol’s packet delivery ratio (PDR) remains above 90%, showing high reliability in data transmission. Additionally, network lifetime is extended by up to 45%, proving the protocol’s effectiveness in energy-constrained environments. These improvements position the hybrid protocol as a robust solution for diverse WSN applications, including environmental monitoring and industrial automation.