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<p>Sandwich composite pipes are increasingly being adopted in energy and water infrastructure, yet optimizing their resistance to lateral indentation remains a challenge. This study examines three-layer composite pipes in which the core layer is partially filled with sand, providing a distinctive hybrid response compared to conventional foam or hollow cores. A combined program of laboratory tests, validated finite-element simulations, and a machine-learning surrogate is used to assess quasi-static lateral loading. Results show that pipe diameter is the dominant factor governing stiffness; increasing the thickness of the inner and outer face sheets yields nearly linear improvements; and the sand-filled core enhances stiffness and energy absorption in a nonlinear manner, with diminishing returns at larger thicknesses. Experiments also highlight a practical trade-off: smaller diameters improve stiffness but reduce energy absorption, whereas larger diameters favor flexibility and increased energy absorption. The regression model accurately captures stiffness trends, enabling rapid design exploration. Overall, the findings provide a validated framework for the early-stage optimization of sand-core sandwich composite pipes, highlighting diameter and face sheet sizing as the most effective design levers.</p>

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Stiffness and Energy Absorption of Sandwich Composite Pipes Under Lateral Indentation: Experiments, Simulations, and Machine Learning Predictions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Mehdi Mansouri,
  • Abbas Niknejad,
  • Asghar Dashti Rahmatabadi,
  • Mohammad Elahi

摘要

Sandwich composite pipes are increasingly being adopted in energy and water infrastructure, yet optimizing their resistance to lateral indentation remains a challenge. This study examines three-layer composite pipes in which the core layer is partially filled with sand, providing a distinctive hybrid response compared to conventional foam or hollow cores. A combined program of laboratory tests, validated finite-element simulations, and a machine-learning surrogate is used to assess quasi-static lateral loading. Results show that pipe diameter is the dominant factor governing stiffness; increasing the thickness of the inner and outer face sheets yields nearly linear improvements; and the sand-filled core enhances stiffness and energy absorption in a nonlinear manner, with diminishing returns at larger thicknesses. Experiments also highlight a practical trade-off: smaller diameters improve stiffness but reduce energy absorption, whereas larger diameters favor flexibility and increased energy absorption. The regression model accurately captures stiffness trends, enabling rapid design exploration. Overall, the findings provide a validated framework for the early-stage optimization of sand-core sandwich composite pipes, highlighting diameter and face sheet sizing as the most effective design levers.