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<p>A significant challenge in solar water heating systems is their reduced performance during periods of low solar irradiation or at night. To address this, the current study analyses the photovoltaic integrated coarse sand solar geyser (CSSG), which utilizes coarse sand as a thermal energy storage medium. The CSSG comprises a heating rod and a circular heat exchanger. During charging, electrical energy generated by a photovoltaic panel is converted into thermal energy via the heating rod and stored in the sand through conduction. The embedded heat exchanger then transfers the stored heat to water during discharging. Experimental results revealed that the sand temperature increased from 31.7 to 100.9&#xa0;°C on Day 1 and from 69 to 135.4&#xa0;°C on Day 2, storing 7.85&#xa0;MJ and 7.46&#xa0;MJ of thermal energy, with CSSG charging efficiencies of 72.37% and 66.52%, respectively. Full discharging operations delivered 140 L of hot water over 3.5&#xa0;h per day at a flow rate of 0.67 LPM, reducing sand temperatures from 120.3 to 40&#xa0;°C and from 121.2 to 38.1&#xa0;°C on Day 1 and Day 2, respectively. The total heat released by the sand was 9.02&#xa0;MJ and 9.33&#xa0;MJ, while the water gained 7.36&#xa0;MJ and 7.56&#xa0;MJ, yielding discharging efficiencies of 81.56% and 81%. The system delivers thermal energy at $0.026/kWh with a 5-year payback period, offering a sustainable, reliable, and environment friendly solution for domestic water heating through thermal energy storage, even under low solar conditions and nighttime.</p>

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Photovoltaic Water Heating System with Coarse Sand Thermal Storage: Fabrication and Experimental Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月27日

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  • Dinesh Kumar Saini,
  • Chandrashekara Muniyappa,
  • Avadhesh Yadav,
  • Saifullah Zaphar

摘要

A significant challenge in solar water heating systems is their reduced performance during periods of low solar irradiation or at night. To address this, the current study analyses the photovoltaic integrated coarse sand solar geyser (CSSG), which utilizes coarse sand as a thermal energy storage medium. The CSSG comprises a heating rod and a circular heat exchanger. During charging, electrical energy generated by a photovoltaic panel is converted into thermal energy via the heating rod and stored in the sand through conduction. The embedded heat exchanger then transfers the stored heat to water during discharging. Experimental results revealed that the sand temperature increased from 31.7 to 100.9 °C on Day 1 and from 69 to 135.4 °C on Day 2, storing 7.85 MJ and 7.46 MJ of thermal energy, with CSSG charging efficiencies of 72.37% and 66.52%, respectively. Full discharging operations delivered 140 L of hot water over 3.5 h per day at a flow rate of 0.67 LPM, reducing sand temperatures from 120.3 to 40 °C and from 121.2 to 38.1 °C on Day 1 and Day 2, respectively. The total heat released by the sand was 9.02 MJ and 9.33 MJ, while the water gained 7.36 MJ and 7.56 MJ, yielding discharging efficiencies of 81.56% and 81%. The system delivers thermal energy at $0.026/kWh with a 5-year payback period, offering a sustainable, reliable, and environment friendly solution for domestic water heating through thermal energy storage, even under low solar conditions and nighttime.