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<p>The growing environmental burden, high energy demand, and raw material depletion associated with conventional burnt clay brick production have intensified the need for sustainable masonry alternatives. This systematic review synthesizes the performance of bricks produced using Bio-Based (BB) and Industrial Wastes (IW) through burnt and unburnt manufacturing routes, with emphasis on physical, mechanical, thermal, and structural behaviour. A PRISMA-based screening of Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar identified 122 peer-reviewed studies published between 2002 and 2025. Waste-incorporated bricks typically exhibit compressive strength of 3–100&#xa0;MPa, bulk density of 1200–2500&#xa0;kg/m³, water absorption of 5–35%, and thermal conductivity of 0.19–1.02&#xa0;W/m·K, depending on waste type, replacement level, and processing regime. BB bricks generally show higher porosity and enhanced thermal insulation due to biomass burnout and pore formation, whereas IW bricks more frequently achieve higher strength and lower water absorption under optimized firing, vitrification, or alkali-activation conditions. These trends are governed by pore evolution, vitrification, filler versus pozzolanic effects, and binder–waste interactions in unburnt systems. The review further consolidates evidence on masonry wall performance, including load capacity, cracking patterns, and failure mechanisms under axial and lateral loading, and evaluates compliance with IS, ASTM, and EN standards for load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications. Sustainability assessment indicates potential energy savings of 20–60% and CO₂ reductions of 15–70% compared with conventional bricks. Key research gaps include limited durability data and real-scale implementation, motivating future work on multi-waste optimization, life-cycle assessment, and performance-based modelling for safe adoption.</p>

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A Comprehensive Review on the Performance Evaluation of Sustainable Bricks Produced from Bio-Waste and Industrial Waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Abhishek Rana,
  • Saumyaranjan Sahoo

摘要

The growing environmental burden, high energy demand, and raw material depletion associated with conventional burnt clay brick production have intensified the need for sustainable masonry alternatives. This systematic review synthesizes the performance of bricks produced using Bio-Based (BB) and Industrial Wastes (IW) through burnt and unburnt manufacturing routes, with emphasis on physical, mechanical, thermal, and structural behaviour. A PRISMA-based screening of Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar identified 122 peer-reviewed studies published between 2002 and 2025. Waste-incorporated bricks typically exhibit compressive strength of 3–100 MPa, bulk density of 1200–2500 kg/m³, water absorption of 5–35%, and thermal conductivity of 0.19–1.02 W/m·K, depending on waste type, replacement level, and processing regime. BB bricks generally show higher porosity and enhanced thermal insulation due to biomass burnout and pore formation, whereas IW bricks more frequently achieve higher strength and lower water absorption under optimized firing, vitrification, or alkali-activation conditions. These trends are governed by pore evolution, vitrification, filler versus pozzolanic effects, and binder–waste interactions in unburnt systems. The review further consolidates evidence on masonry wall performance, including load capacity, cracking patterns, and failure mechanisms under axial and lateral loading, and evaluates compliance with IS, ASTM, and EN standards for load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications. Sustainability assessment indicates potential energy savings of 20–60% and CO₂ reductions of 15–70% compared with conventional bricks. Key research gaps include limited durability data and real-scale implementation, motivating future work on multi-waste optimization, life-cycle assessment, and performance-based modelling for safe adoption.