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<p>This research provides a comprehensive investigation into the mechanical influence of sand selection on the performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), aiming to resolve the conflict between its high performance and poor sustainability. The study systematically compares the effects of four distinct sand types—river, desert, coastal, and sea—on the matrix properties and the ultimate tensile behavior of the composite. The methodology involved characterizing the mortar matrix (flowability, compressive strength, fracture toughness) and the crucial tensile ductility of the final composites, alongside a life-cycle analysis of energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and cost. A key finding confirms that sand morphology dictates the fundamental trade-off between strength and ductility. Angular sea sand created a matrix with high fracture toughness, increasing compressive strength but causing quasi-brittle failure detrimental to ductility. Conversely, sub-rounded particles of river and desert sand fostered lower toughness, enabling steady-state cracking and high tensile strain capacities (&gt; 5.6%). Normalized sustainability indicators reveal a critical trade-off: sea sand is most resource-efficient for compressive strength, while river and desert sands are far more sustainable for achieving high tensile strain capacity, ECC’s defining characteristic. This work clarifies sand’s critical role in controlling matrix properties for target ductility and demonstrates optimized, high-performance composites can be produced with significant cost (~ 48%) and CO₂ (~ 16%) reductions. This guides informed material selection, optimizing sustainability based on specific performance requirements, recognizing that strength-efficient sands are often least efficient for ductility.</p>

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The Role of Sand Type in Enhancing Toughness, Ductility, and Sustainability of Engineered Cementitious Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Nurdeen Altwair,
  • Youssef Abu Hajar,
  • Mustafa Al-Tayeb,
  • Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya

摘要

This research provides a comprehensive investigation into the mechanical influence of sand selection on the performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), aiming to resolve the conflict between its high performance and poor sustainability. The study systematically compares the effects of four distinct sand types—river, desert, coastal, and sea—on the matrix properties and the ultimate tensile behavior of the composite. The methodology involved characterizing the mortar matrix (flowability, compressive strength, fracture toughness) and the crucial tensile ductility of the final composites, alongside a life-cycle analysis of energy consumption, CO₂ emissions, and cost. A key finding confirms that sand morphology dictates the fundamental trade-off between strength and ductility. Angular sea sand created a matrix with high fracture toughness, increasing compressive strength but causing quasi-brittle failure detrimental to ductility. Conversely, sub-rounded particles of river and desert sand fostered lower toughness, enabling steady-state cracking and high tensile strain capacities (> 5.6%). Normalized sustainability indicators reveal a critical trade-off: sea sand is most resource-efficient for compressive strength, while river and desert sands are far more sustainable for achieving high tensile strain capacity, ECC’s defining characteristic. This work clarifies sand’s critical role in controlling matrix properties for target ductility and demonstrates optimized, high-performance composites can be produced with significant cost (~ 48%) and CO₂ (~ 16%) reductions. This guides informed material selection, optimizing sustainability based on specific performance requirements, recognizing that strength-efficient sands are often least efficient for ductility.