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<p>This study investigates the synergistic effects of wollastonite and micro-silica on the mechanical performance and durability of concrete under aggressive environmental conditions, including freeze–thaw cycles, sulfate and chloride attacks. Twelve concrete mix designs were developed with varying wollastonite (0%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%) and micro-silica (0%, 5% and 7.5%) contents. A total of 432 cubic specimens (10 × 10 × 10&#xa0;cm) were subjected to 45, 100 and 150 freeze–thaw cycles in control, normal, sulfate and chloride environments. Mechanical properties were evaluated through compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, while durability was assessed via water absorption, sorptivity and porosity measurements. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The W₅M₅ mix (5% wollastonite, 5% micro-silica) exhibited superior performance, achieving a compressive strength of 65.27&#xa0;MPa (SD = 1.03&#xa0;MPa) at 74&#xa0;days with minimal degradation after 150 freeze–thaw cycles (−&#xa0;7.7% in normal, −&#xa0;22.5% in sulfate conditions). This mix showed the lowest calcium hydroxide content (1.2%), reduced porosity (8.5%) and refined pore structure (15&#xa0;nm). Statistical analyses (ANOVA and Tukey HSD) confirmed W₅M₅’s significant superiority (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between mechanical properties, durability indicators and microstructural parameters (<i>r</i> = −&#xa0;0.98 to 0.99). Optimizing wollastonite and micro-silica proportions, particularly in the W₅M₅ mix, enhances matrix densification and pore refinement, making it an ideal choice for high-performance concrete in harsh environments.</p>

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Synergistic Enhancement of Concrete Durability: Optimizing Wollastonite and Micro-Silica Proportions for Superior Resistance to Freeze–Thaw, Sulfate and Chloride Attacks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Yaghoub Mohammadi,
  • Arian DarvishaliNezhad,
  • Husain Khalaf Jarallah

摘要

This study investigates the synergistic effects of wollastonite and micro-silica on the mechanical performance and durability of concrete under aggressive environmental conditions, including freeze–thaw cycles, sulfate and chloride attacks. Twelve concrete mix designs were developed with varying wollastonite (0%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%) and micro-silica (0%, 5% and 7.5%) contents. A total of 432 cubic specimens (10 × 10 × 10 cm) were subjected to 45, 100 and 150 freeze–thaw cycles in control, normal, sulfate and chloride environments. Mechanical properties were evaluated through compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, while durability was assessed via water absorption, sorptivity and porosity measurements. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The W₅M₅ mix (5% wollastonite, 5% micro-silica) exhibited superior performance, achieving a compressive strength of 65.27 MPa (SD = 1.03 MPa) at 74 days with minimal degradation after 150 freeze–thaw cycles (− 7.7% in normal, − 22.5% in sulfate conditions). This mix showed the lowest calcium hydroxide content (1.2%), reduced porosity (8.5%) and refined pore structure (15 nm). Statistical analyses (ANOVA and Tukey HSD) confirmed W₅M₅’s significant superiority (p < 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between mechanical properties, durability indicators and microstructural parameters (r = − 0.98 to 0.99). Optimizing wollastonite and micro-silica proportions, particularly in the W₅M₅ mix, enhances matrix densification and pore refinement, making it an ideal choice for high-performance concrete in harsh environments.