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<p>The environmental impact of cement production, contributing approximately 7% to global CO₂ emissions and the accumulation of agricultural waste, such as olive byproducts, necessitate sustainable alternatives in construction. This study evaluates the mechanical properties, durability, dimensional stability, dynamic properties and environmental benefits of lightweight concrete incorporating olive waste ash (OWA) and olive leaf ash (OLA) as natural aggregate replacements. Mixes with 5–20% OWA and OLA were optimized using a genetic algorithm, with standard tests conducted for compressive strength, flexural strength, durability under acidic (pH = 2 and 4) and high-temperature (100 ℃ and 200 ℃) conditions, expansion and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Results showed that OLA at 5–10% replacement achieved a compressive strength of 21.5 ± 0.8&#xa0;MPa and flexural strength of 3.36 ± 0.2&#xa0;MPa at 28 days, surpassing OWA’s 18.7 ± 0.6&#xa0;MPa and 3.33 ± 0.2&#xa0;MPa (<i>p</i> = 0.02 and <i>p</i> = 0.03, t-test). OLA exhibited lower expansion (1.92 ± 0.1&#xa0;mm vs. 2.78 ± 0.2&#xa0;mm for OWA, <i>p</i> = 0.02). OWA demonstrated superior durability, with an 18.7 ± 1.2% strength reduction in acidic conditions compared to 25.8 ± 1.5% for OLA (<i>p</i> = 0.01). OLA recorded a higher UPV (3.44 ± 0.1&#xa0;km/s) than OWA (3.36 ± 0.1&#xa0;km/s). Both materials reduced CO₂ emissions by 12%. These differences stem from OLA’s lower silica content (4.9 ± 0.2%) and higher CaO (17.9 ± 0.3%), enhancing pozzolanic activity. OLA is ideal for lightweight structural applications, while OWA suits harsh environments. Future research should explore long-term durability (180–360 days), nano-OWA/OLA and cost-benefit analyses to enhance industrial adoption.</p>

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Sustainable Lightweight Concrete with Olive Waste Ash and Olive Leaf Ash: Mechanical Properties, Durability and CO2 Emission Reduction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Mohammad Taghi Torabzadeh Keleshteri,
  • Arian DarvishaliNezhad,
  • Seyed Hosein Ghasemzadeh Mousavinejad

摘要

The environmental impact of cement production, contributing approximately 7% to global CO₂ emissions and the accumulation of agricultural waste, such as olive byproducts, necessitate sustainable alternatives in construction. This study evaluates the mechanical properties, durability, dimensional stability, dynamic properties and environmental benefits of lightweight concrete incorporating olive waste ash (OWA) and olive leaf ash (OLA) as natural aggregate replacements. Mixes with 5–20% OWA and OLA were optimized using a genetic algorithm, with standard tests conducted for compressive strength, flexural strength, durability under acidic (pH = 2 and 4) and high-temperature (100 ℃ and 200 ℃) conditions, expansion and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Results showed that OLA at 5–10% replacement achieved a compressive strength of 21.5 ± 0.8 MPa and flexural strength of 3.36 ± 0.2 MPa at 28 days, surpassing OWA’s 18.7 ± 0.6 MPa and 3.33 ± 0.2 MPa (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, t-test). OLA exhibited lower expansion (1.92 ± 0.1 mm vs. 2.78 ± 0.2 mm for OWA, p = 0.02). OWA demonstrated superior durability, with an 18.7 ± 1.2% strength reduction in acidic conditions compared to 25.8 ± 1.5% for OLA (p = 0.01). OLA recorded a higher UPV (3.44 ± 0.1 km/s) than OWA (3.36 ± 0.1 km/s). Both materials reduced CO₂ emissions by 12%. These differences stem from OLA’s lower silica content (4.9 ± 0.2%) and higher CaO (17.9 ± 0.3%), enhancing pozzolanic activity. OLA is ideal for lightweight structural applications, while OWA suits harsh environments. Future research should explore long-term durability (180–360 days), nano-OWA/OLA and cost-benefit analyses to enhance industrial adoption.