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<p>Sustainable transportation heavily relies on bridges, which are crucial in both developed and developing countries. In Pakistan, the bridge design is performed according to the Pakistan Highway Bridge (PHB) code and the AASHTO load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications, which may not always consider the local conditions, including the traffic loads, the properties of the material, and the environment. The National Highway Authority (NHA) has provided some regulatory limitations on live cargo handling to address the issue of overstressing the bridges. Nevertheless, the beamline load analysis of real live loads reveals that the HL-93 cannot fulfill the requirements for both moments and shears. Therefore, the study aims to establish an appropriate load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) calibration methodology for short—to medium-span bridges in Pakistan. LRFR encompasses the inventory and operational rating factors determined by calibration methods involving the analysis of observed truck traffic. This research has extrapolated the data gathered over a 75-year timeframe and proved that moment ratios for spans between 5 and 50&#xa0;m are between 2.38 and 1.55, and the peak shear stress ratios are of the order of 2.58–1.6. Evaluation of the LRFR proposed in this research has indicated an adjustment ratio (AR) calibration factor of 1.84 in extrapolation for load and resistance factors. The results found that the probability corresponds to a z-ordinate value of 5.54. The results might help the analysis of structures and safety assessment of bridges in the region, considering improving traffic and loading conditions.</p>

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Calibration of Load and Resistance Factor Rating for Short to Medium-Span Lengths Bridges in Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月9日

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  • Ateeq Ur Rehman,
  • Muhammad Tariq Bashir,
  • Md. Munir Hayet Khan,
  • Hamza Ahmad Qureshi,
  • Md. Alhaz Uddin,
  • Kamran Ahmed

摘要

Sustainable transportation heavily relies on bridges, which are crucial in both developed and developing countries. In Pakistan, the bridge design is performed according to the Pakistan Highway Bridge (PHB) code and the AASHTO load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications, which may not always consider the local conditions, including the traffic loads, the properties of the material, and the environment. The National Highway Authority (NHA) has provided some regulatory limitations on live cargo handling to address the issue of overstressing the bridges. Nevertheless, the beamline load analysis of real live loads reveals that the HL-93 cannot fulfill the requirements for both moments and shears. Therefore, the study aims to establish an appropriate load and resistance factor rating (LRFR) calibration methodology for short—to medium-span bridges in Pakistan. LRFR encompasses the inventory and operational rating factors determined by calibration methods involving the analysis of observed truck traffic. This research has extrapolated the data gathered over a 75-year timeframe and proved that moment ratios for spans between 5 and 50 m are between 2.38 and 1.55, and the peak shear stress ratios are of the order of 2.58–1.6. Evaluation of the LRFR proposed in this research has indicated an adjustment ratio (AR) calibration factor of 1.84 in extrapolation for load and resistance factors. The results found that the probability corresponds to a z-ordinate value of 5.54. The results might help the analysis of structures and safety assessment of bridges in the region, considering improving traffic and loading conditions.