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<p>Concerns regarding waste management and sustainability have prompted the construction industry to explore industrial waste as an alternative to traditional cementitious materials. This study systematically evaluates the efficacy of four industrial by-products: ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGS), ground crystallized blast furnace slag (GCS), ceramic waste powder (CWP), and glass waste powder (GWP) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete. Employing a non-substitutive approach, SCMs were incorporated at 15% and 30% by weight of cement to augment total binder content while preserving cement quantity. Experimental results demonstrated substantial mechanical enhancements; 30% GWP achieved a 44.5% increase in 7-day compressive strength, while 30% GGS yielded a 96.9% improvement at 28&#xa0;days. Long-term assessments revealed progressive strength gains for GCS-modified concrete, underscoring its latent hydraulic potential. Durability performance, quantified through water absorption and drying shrinkage, improved markedly, with 30% GWP and GGS reducing absorption by 44% and 35%, respectively, and shrinkage by 32–47%. Microstructural analysis via SEM attributed these enhancements to porosity refinement and matrix densification, driven by synergistic pozzolanic reactivity and physical filler effects. A Random Forest model, trained on 81 experimental datasets (27 per mechanical property), demonstrated robust predictive accuracy for concrete strength properties, achieving coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.912 (compressive), 0.916 (splitting tensile), and 0.959 (flexural). Error metrics (MAE: 1.53–0.15&#xa0;MPa; RMSE: 1.88–0.18&#xa0;MPa) and normalized RMSE (0.066–0.155) confirmed precision across strength ranges. Statistical validation via ANOVA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001; η<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.89) highlighted significant, large-effect enhancements from SCM incorporation. This model offers a reliable tool for optimizing sustainable concrete formulations.</p>

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Comparative Performance of Blast Furnace Slag, Ceramic, and Glass Waste as Supplementary Cementitious Additions in Concrete: Experimental and Machine Learning Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月24日

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  • Naoual Handel,
  • Moussa Amrane,
  • Nadjib Mebirouk,
  • José B. Aguiar

摘要

Concerns regarding waste management and sustainability have prompted the construction industry to explore industrial waste as an alternative to traditional cementitious materials. This study systematically evaluates the efficacy of four industrial by-products: ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGS), ground crystallized blast furnace slag (GCS), ceramic waste powder (CWP), and glass waste powder (GWP) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete. Employing a non-substitutive approach, SCMs were incorporated at 15% and 30% by weight of cement to augment total binder content while preserving cement quantity. Experimental results demonstrated substantial mechanical enhancements; 30% GWP achieved a 44.5% increase in 7-day compressive strength, while 30% GGS yielded a 96.9% improvement at 28 days. Long-term assessments revealed progressive strength gains for GCS-modified concrete, underscoring its latent hydraulic potential. Durability performance, quantified through water absorption and drying shrinkage, improved markedly, with 30% GWP and GGS reducing absorption by 44% and 35%, respectively, and shrinkage by 32–47%. Microstructural analysis via SEM attributed these enhancements to porosity refinement and matrix densification, driven by synergistic pozzolanic reactivity and physical filler effects. A Random Forest model, trained on 81 experimental datasets (27 per mechanical property), demonstrated robust predictive accuracy for concrete strength properties, achieving coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.912 (compressive), 0.916 (splitting tensile), and 0.959 (flexural). Error metrics (MAE: 1.53–0.15 MPa; RMSE: 1.88–0.18 MPa) and normalized RMSE (0.066–0.155) confirmed precision across strength ranges. Statistical validation via ANOVA (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.89) highlighted significant, large-effect enhancements from SCM incorporation. This model offers a reliable tool for optimizing sustainable concrete formulations.