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<p>The taxonomy of Iranian <i>Paeonia</i> species remains unresolved due to overlapping morphological traits and insufficient molecular data. In this study, interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation among four taxa: <i>Paeonia archibaldii</i>, <i>P. mascula</i>, <i>P. tomentosa</i>, and <i>P. wendelboi</i> was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 105 bands were generated across ten ISSR primers, with 68 (68.57%) polymorphic bands. Cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) revealed three major genetic groups, with <i>P. archibaldii</i> forming a distinct genetic group within the broader <i>P. tomentosa</i> cluster. Limited geographic structure of genetic diversity was observed in <i>P. tomentosa</i> and <i>P. wendelboi</i>, suggesting potential gene flow across northern regions. Micromorphological analysis of leaf epidermal features, examined through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrated species-specific trends in stomatal type, distribution, and cuticular ornamentation. These traits supported the genetic groupings and distinguished <i>P. archibaldii</i> and <i>P. mascula</i> from the other species. Although <i>P. archibaldii</i> exhibited morphological uniqueness, its intermediate genetic position within the ISSR framework suggests a preliminary divergence, rather than evidence of full speciation. These findings underscore the value of ISSR markers, integrated with micromorphological traits, in providing useful, albeit limited, insights for clarifying interspecific boundaries and taxonomic relationships in <i>Paeonia</i>. The results also provide a foundation for future genomic research and conservation strategies targeting fragmented <i>Paeonia</i> populations in Iran.</p>

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Genetic and Micromorphological Differentiation Among Iranian Paeonia Species Inferred from ISSR Markers and Leaf Epidermal Traits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Vahid Rezaeipour,
  • Ali Bagheri,
  • Azadeh Akhavan Roofigar,
  • Amir Mohammad Avazzadeh,
  • Aiuob Moradi,
  • Edris Mahdavi Fikjvar

摘要

The taxonomy of Iranian Paeonia species remains unresolved due to overlapping morphological traits and insufficient molecular data. In this study, interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation among four taxa: Paeonia archibaldii, P. mascula, P. tomentosa, and P. wendelboi was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 105 bands were generated across ten ISSR primers, with 68 (68.57%) polymorphic bands. Cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) revealed three major genetic groups, with P. archibaldii forming a distinct genetic group within the broader P. tomentosa cluster. Limited geographic structure of genetic diversity was observed in P. tomentosa and P. wendelboi, suggesting potential gene flow across northern regions. Micromorphological analysis of leaf epidermal features, examined through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), demonstrated species-specific trends in stomatal type, distribution, and cuticular ornamentation. These traits supported the genetic groupings and distinguished P. archibaldii and P. mascula from the other species. Although P. archibaldii exhibited morphological uniqueness, its intermediate genetic position within the ISSR framework suggests a preliminary divergence, rather than evidence of full speciation. These findings underscore the value of ISSR markers, integrated with micromorphological traits, in providing useful, albeit limited, insights for clarifying interspecific boundaries and taxonomic relationships in Paeonia. The results also provide a foundation for future genomic research and conservation strategies targeting fragmented Paeonia populations in Iran.