<p>We prove the identity <Equation ID="Equ14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( 2W_1(x) + \log 4 + \psi \left( \tfrac{1}{2} + x\right) + \psi \left( \tfrac{3}{2} - x\right) = 0, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>+</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>-</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\psi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ψ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the digamma function and <Equation ID="Equ15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( W_1(x) = 2\int _0^\infty \Re \left( \frac{y}{(y^2+1)(e^{\pi (y+2ix)} - 1)} \right) dy. \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <mi>ℜ</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac> <mi>y</mi> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>i</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mfenced> <mi>d</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>The identity was first conjectured while studying class number <i>h</i>(<i>D</i>) for <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D=m^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from two complementary perspectives. Our proof, however, is purely analytic: we compute cosine-series expansions of both sides, expressed in terms of the cosine integral <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\operatorname {Ci}(z)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>Ci</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Using the above identity and Möbius inversion we find an elementary formula for <Equation ID="Equ16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \sum _{\begin{array}{c} 1\le r&lt;m\\ (r,m)=1 \end{array}} W_1\!\left( \frac{r}{m}\right) . \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mfenced> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation></p>

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A half-shift reflection identity for the digamma function

  • Nikita Kalinin

摘要

We prove the identity \( 2W_1(x) + \log 4 + \psi \left( \tfrac{1}{2} + x\right) + \psi \left( \tfrac{3}{2} - x\right) = 0, \) 2 W 1 ( x ) + log 4 + ψ 1 2 + x + ψ 3 2 - x = 0 , where \(\psi \) ψ is the digamma function and \( W_1(x) = 2\int _0^\infty \Re \left( \frac{y}{(y^2+1)(e^{\pi (y+2ix)} - 1)} \right) dy. \) W 1 ( x ) = 2 0 y ( y 2 + 1 ) ( e π ( y + 2 i x ) - 1 ) d y . The identity was first conjectured while studying class number h(D) for \(D=m^2\) D = m 2 from two complementary perspectives. Our proof, however, is purely analytic: we compute cosine-series expansions of both sides, expressed in terms of the cosine integral \(\operatorname {Ci}(z)\) Ci ( z ) . Using the above identity and Möbius inversion we find an elementary formula for \(\begin{aligned} \sum _{\begin{array}{c} 1\le r<m\\ (r,m)=1 \end{array}} W_1\!\left( \frac{r}{m}\right) . \end{aligned}\) 1 r < m ( r , m ) = 1 W 1 r m .